travers 1

Question 1

astrocytes

Answer 1

glial cells in CNS

1. buffering role
2. provide neurons metabolically (glucose)
3. form blood brain barrier

Question 2

anterograde transport

Answer 2

• movement of stuff from nucleus away from cell body to terminus
• motor proteins kinesins
• transports some things very fast, like neurotransmitters
  and other things like structural proteins very slowly

Question 3

retrograde transport

Answer 3

• movement towards the nucleus (cell body)
• motor proteins: dyneins
• fast transport (viruses, growth factors)

Question 4

can CNS neurons regenerate?

Answer 4

no they cant

Question 5

astrocytes make what that inhibit neuron growth

Answer 5

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans

Question 6

______ prevents surviving axons from reaching targets

Answer 6

scar formation

Question 7

can PNS neurons regenerate

Answer 7

yes, depending on severity

Question 8

types of serve nerve injury

Answer 8

1. anterograde (wallerian) degeneration and terminal degeneration
2. transganglionic
3. transynaptic degeneration

Question 9

types of less serve nerve injury

Answer 9

anterograde degeneration and chromatolysis- associated with protein synthesis, cell body swells, eccentric nucleus

Question 10

nerve regeneration

Answer 10

Schwann cells secrete NGF, NGF transported to ganglion cell body. NGF regulates gene expression and promotes sprouting

Question 11

presynaptic receptors

Answer 11

axo-axonic mediates pre synaptic inhibition and excitation

Question 12

temporal summation

Answer 12

adding together of PSP’s from one synaptic contact over time

Question 13

spatial summation

Answer 13

adding together of PSP’s produced by different synapses

Question 14

neurotransmitters

Answer 14

acs on postsynaptic cell to produce EPSP and IPSP

Question 15

neuromodulators

Answer 15

acts in min-days, slower
act postsyaptically to amplify or dampen on going synaptic activity.
act presynaptically cell to alter synthesis, release, uptake or metabolism or NT
actions can involve changes in DNA/protein synthesis or enzyme activity.

Question 16

excitatory AA

Answer 16

glutamate

Question 17

inhibitory AA

Answer 17

GABA, glycine

Question 18

neurotransmitters example

Answer 18

Acetylcholine (Ach)
Dopamine
Epinephrine 
Serotonin 
Some gases, NO

Question 19

acetylcholine synthesized by what from what

Answer 19

synthesized from choline and acetyl Co-enzyme A by choline acetyltransferase in synaptic terminal

Question 20

what does acetylcholinesterase

Answer 20

action of Ach stopped by diffusion and degradation

Question 21

fate of choline after degradation

Answer 21

re uptake by presynaptic neuron

Question 22

neurons that release ACh

Answer 22

all motor neurons
neurons in nucleus basalis and pons
all preganglionic neurons (sump and para)
all postganglionic (para)

Question 23

location of ACh neurons in CNS

Answer 23

basal forebrain- cognitive function

pontine nuclei- sleep regulation

Question 24

acetylcholine receptors

Answer 24

Muscarinic receptors

Nicotinic receptors

Question 25

muscarinic receptors

Answer 25

- mostly in CNS exception are para post gang. salivary glands - binding tiggers G proteins that open or close ion channels (can be depolarizing or hyper polarizing) - blocked by atropine

Question 26

nicotinic receptors

Answer 26

- few in CNS - ACh binding opens ion channel within receptor (depolarization) - example is neuromuscular junction - blocked by curare

Question 27

biogenic amines synthesized from what

Answer 27

Amino acids

Question 28

Catecholamines:

Answer 28

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

Question 29

these are synthesized from what

Answer 29

tyrosine

Question 30

dopamine areas

Answer 30

ventral segmental area- associated with reward and addiction | substantia nigra associated with motor systems-

Question 31

loss of dopamine associated with

Answer 31

Parkinsons's disease

Question 32

dopamine is synthesized from what

Answer 32

from L-dopa in pre-synaptic terminal | found in specific areas of midbrain and brainstem

Question 33

dopamine receptors

Answer 33

5 groups, two main groups are D1 and D2, all G protein coupled

Question 34

D1

Answer 34

activate adenylate cyclase

Question 35

D2

Answer 35

inhibit adenylate cyclase

Question 36

antidepressants

Answer 36

block D2 receptors

Question 37

norepinephrine

Answer 37

locus cerulus- attention/sleep | other brainstem groups- autonomic and homeostatic functions

Question 38

NE neurons

Answer 38

symp. postganglionic neurons (and some CNS)

Question 39

E neurons

Answer 39

adrenal gland (medulla) as circulating hormone

Question 40

NE receptors

Answer 40

alpha receptors beta receptors noradrenergic receptors

Question 41

alpha receptors

Answer 41

alpha 1- excitatory intracellular release of Ca | alpha 2- inhibitory, via opening K channels or blocking Ca

Question 42

beta receptors

Answer 42

1,2,3 open Ca channels

Question 43

Serotonin

Answer 43

rostal raphe nucleus - sleep, mood, homeostatic function | caudal raphe nucleus- sensori-motor function

Question 44

serotonin synthesized from what

Answer 44

tryptophan

Question 45

serotonin receptors

Answer 45

16 receptor subtype, most g protein coupled

Question 46

histamine

Answer 46

from AA histidine

Question 47

excitatory AA

Answer 47

- glutamate and aspartate, binds several class of ionotropic receptor (NMDA) - receptors have channels that are permeable to Na, K, and Ca

Question 48

NMDA receptor

Answer 48

involved in functions that last, chronic pain, memory formation. Excitotoxicity

Question 49

Excitotoxicity

Answer 49

excessive excitation – cell death. epilepsy, trauma, stroke

Question 50

long term potentiation

Answer 50

NMDA

Question 51

factors promoting LTP

Answer 51

1. phosphorylation of NMDA receptors | 2. calcium entry into cell via NMDA receptors