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Physiology Exam 1 > TRAVERS 1 > Flashcards

TRAVERS 1 Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

WHAT PART OF THE NEURON DOES GRADED POTENTIAL?

A

DENTDRITES

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2
Q

WHAT PART OF THE NEURON DOES ACTION POTENTIAL?

A

AXON

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3
Q

what is the exception to neurons being terminally differentiated?

A

hippocampus

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4
Q

how many percent of cns cells are neurons?

A

10%

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5
Q

what percent of cells in cns are glial cells?

A

90%

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6
Q

what is the myelinating glia in pns?

A

schwann cells
provides myelin to one axon
many schwann cells per axon

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7
Q

what is the myelinating glia in cns?

A

oligodendrocytes

contributes to many axons

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8
Q

what are microglia

A

macrophage like cell (phagocytic role)

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9
Q

what are astrocytes?

A

regulate extracellular fluid- remove k+ and neurotransmitter
provide neurons metabolically (eg glucose)
surround brain capillaries: form blood brain barriers

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10
Q

what is the structural component of axons?

A

microtubule

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11
Q

anterograde transport

A

from cell body towards terminal
motor proteins: kinesins
fast transport -organelles such as nt vesicles
slow transport- structural proteins

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12
Q

retrograde transport

A

dyneins
fast transport
from axon terminals toward cell bodies such as growth factors and viruses

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13
Q

why does damaged cns neurons no regenerate?

A

axons sprout but axons do not reach targets
scar formation prevents surviving axons from reaching targets
astrocytes make chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans that inhibit neuron growth

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14
Q

anterograde degeneration

A

distal to lesion

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15
Q

transganglionic degeneration

A

axon process heading toward cns degenerates

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16
Q

transynaptic degeneration

A

neuron contacted centrally by the axon dies

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17
Q

chromatolysis

A

associated with protein synthesis

cell body swells, eccentric nucleus

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18
Q

how does schwann cells contribute to regeneration?

A

schwann cells proliferate
produce laminin for substrate for regenerating axons
schwann cells secrete nerve growth factor
ngf transported to ganglion cell body

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19
Q

what does ngf do?

A

regulates gene expression and promotes sprouting

regulates: microtubules, microfilaments, nt production, ion channels, nt receptors

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20
Q

what is collateral sprouting?

A

most likely to occur when an axon fails to regenerate- surviving axon nearby may sprout new terminals into the area previously occupied by the other sensory cell
no evidence of collateral sprouting for teeth- soft tissue only

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21
Q

temporal summation

A

adding together of PSP from one synatic contact over time

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22
Q

spatial summation

A

adding together of PSP produced by diff synapses

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23
Q

action of drugs at synaptic junction

A
  1. increase leakage of nt from vesicle to cytoplasm, exposing it to enzyme breakdown
  2. inc transmitter release into cleft
  3. block transmitter release
  4. block transmitter reuptake
  5. block cleft enzymes that metabolize transmitter
  6. bind to receptor on postsynaptic membrane to block (antagonist) or mimic (agonist) transmitter action
  7. inhiibit or stimlate second messenger activity within post synaptic cell
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24
Q

actions of neuromodulators

A

may act postsynaptically to amplify or dampen on-going synaptic activity
may act on pre-synaptic cell to alter synthesis, release, uptake or metabolism of nt
actions involve changes in dna/protein synthesis or enzyme activity- slower in action

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25
acetylcholine
synthesized from choline and acetyl coA by choline acetyltransferase in synaptic terminal action stopped by diffusion and degradation by actylcholinesterase choline reuptake by presynaptic neuron
26
neurons that release ach
motor neurons neurons in nucleus basalis and pons all pregang neurons sym and para sym all post gang parasym neurons
27
basal forebrain and pontine nuclei
cognitive function | sleep regulation
28
diff acetylcholine receptors
muscarinic and nicotinic
29
muscarinic receptors
mainly found in cns except parasymp post gang synapse- salivary glands binding of ach triggers g protein that open or close ion channels- depol or hyperpol
30
WHAT ARE MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS BLOCKED BY?
ATROPINE
31
nicotinic trceptors
relatively few in cns ach binding opens ion channels within receptor- channel permeable to na and k ex nmj
32
what are nicotinic receptors blocked by?
CURARE
33
myasthenia gravis
autoimmune disorder in which indibidual makes antibodies to nicotinic receptors characterized by muscle weakness treated with acetylcholnesterase inhibitors
34
alzheimers disease
most common form of dementia etiology unknown many neuronal pop involved loss of neurons in nucelus basalis leading to decrease in cholinergic activity in cortex
35
what are biogenic amiens?
synthesized from amino acids
36
what are catecholamines?
dopamines, norepinepherine, epinephrine | synthesized from amino acid tyrosine
37
catecholamine life cycle
synthesis- presynaptic terminal- stored in vesicles release- ca dependent termination of action- presynaptic neuron reuptake and degradation
38
where are biogenic amines found?
neurons that synthesize the ligand in very limited locations receptors for the ligands found extensively thruout cns receptors are almost exclusively g-protein coupled receptors
39
what are biogenic amines involved in?
parkinsons, depression, schizophrenia
40
dopamine
found in areas of midbrain and brainstem
41
dopamine receptor subtypes
all g-protein coupled two main groups: d1 and d2 d1- activate adenylate cyclase d2- inhibit adenylate cyclase- hyperpolarization
42
what do drugs do to dopamine receptors?
block d2 receptors
43
ventral tegmental area and dopamine
associated with reward and addiction" | cocaine and amphetamine prolong dopamine action at synapse
44
substantia nigra and dopamine
associated with motor system | loss of dopamine assciated with parkinson's disease
45
tardive dyskinesia
``` pt receive dopamine blocking drugs involuntary movements delayed onset inc incidence with advanced age rhythmic oral movements-involuntary, repetitive body movements d2 receptors ```
46
epinephrine
epinephrine requires presence of additional enzymes for synthesis from norepinephrine
47
norepinephrine neurons
sympathetic post ganglionc neurons and some cns
48
epinephrine
adrenal gland as circulating hormone- not much in cns
49
noradrenergic receptors
g-protein coupled alpha receptors: a1- excittory- intracellular release of ca a2- inhibitory via opening k channels or blocking ca beta receptors- open ca channels NE can have very diff effect on tissue depending on receptor
50
locus ceruleus and ne
attention/sleep
51
other brainstem and ne
autonomic and homeostatic functions
52
serotonin
synthesized from tryptophan found in several discrete cns populations involved in many functions ranging from sensorimotor systems to cognitive function
53
serotonin receptors
16 receptor subtypes most are g-protein coupled 5-gt synapses target of mood altering drugs
54
rostral raphe nuclei and serotonin
sleep, mood, homeostatic function
55
caudal raphe nuclei and serotonin
sensori-motor function
56
amino acid neurotransmitters
excitatory aa such as glutamate and aspartate | binds to ionotropic and metabotropic receptors
57
ionotropic recept
ampa kainate nmda receptors with channels permeable to na, k, ca
58
metabotropic receptors
g-protein receptor
59
nmda receptor
n-methyl-d-aspartate involved in functions that last- memory formation, chronic pain excitotoxicity- excessive excitation- cell death (epulepsy trauma, stroke) neuron death from ca reaching toxic levels synaptic mechanism of long term potentiation
60
gaba
major inhibitory nt in cns | modified form of glutamate
61
gaba receptors
gaba a- ionotropic receptor- opens cl- channel | gaba b- metabotropic receptor- opens k+ chammels
62
huntington chorea
form of motor spasticity | linked to gaba deficits
63
glycine
``` inhibitory nt (mostly spinal cord) receptor opens cl- channels blocked by strychnine ```
64
peptides
formed by peptide link between2 or more amino acids over 90 id often co-released with other nt- synthesized in soma and must be transported to be released functions as neuromodulator actions can last long time action termiantaed by proteolysis and diffusiion
65
nitric oxide
gas synthesis- l-arginine to no by nitric oxide synthase (nos) not stored in vesicles freely difusible across membrane (requires no synapse) can modulate nt release plays role in numerous brain functions role in injuries: excitotoxicity
66
atp
usually excitatory | usually co-released with classical nt

Physiology Exam 1 (3 decks)

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