Treatment for select GI infections

Question 1

what to treat Clostridioides difficile

Answer 1

Vancomycin (ORAL)

Fidaxomicin

Question 2

What to treat Campylobacter jejuni

Answer 2

Ciprofloxacin

Azithromycin

Question 3

what to treat Salmonella Spp.

Answer 3

Ciprofloxacin

Azithromycin

Question 4

what to treat Shigella spp

Answer 4

Ciprofloxacin

Azithromycin

Question 5

what is vamcomycin

Answer 5

Glycopeptide: Inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to the D-Ala-D-Ala terminal of the growing peptide chain during cell wall synthesis, resulting in inhibition of the transpeptidase, which prevents further elongation and cross-linking of the peptidoglycan matrix

Question 6

what is Ciprofloxacin

Answer 6

Fluoroquinolone

inhibiting two enzymes involved in bacterial DNA synthesis, both of which are DNA topoisomerases

Question 7

what is Fidaxomicin and Azithromycun

Answer 7

Macrolide

inhibition of bacterial protein biosynthesis, by binding to the 50s sub unit

Question 8

what are the Anthelmintics

Answer 8

Benzimidazoles
Albendazole
Mebendazole
Thiabendazole*
(*cutaneous use only)

Miscellaneous
Ivermectin
Nitazoxanide
Praziquantel
Pyrantelpamoate

Question 9

what is the meachanism of action pf the benzimidazoles

Answer 9

Inhibition of microtubule polymerization via beta-tubulin binding
Reduced glucose transport

Inhibition of mitochondrial fumarate reductase
Resulting in immobilization and death

Question 10

what is Benzimidazoles used on?

Answer 10

Roundworm
Hookworm
Whipworm
Threadworm
Pinworm
Hydatid cysts (Echinococcusspp.)

Pork tapeworm
Circulation/Tissue form of Cysticercosis or in Neurocysticercosis

Question 11

What is the mechanism of action of Ivermectin

Answer 11

Binds selectively, and with high affinity, to glutamate-gated chloride ion channels

Induces a hyperpolarization resulting in a tonic paralysis of the worms’ nerves/musculature

Resulting in immobilization and death

Question 12

what is Ivermectin used for

Answer 12

Strongyloides stercoralis

With albendazole for lymphatic filariasis

Question 13

Mechanism of action for Nitazoxanide

Answer 13

Interfers with pyruvate:ferredoxinoxidoreductase (PFOR) enzyme-dependent electron transfer reaction

Essential to anaerobic energy metabolism

Question 14

what are uses pf Nitazoxanide

Answer 14

Cryptosporidium parvum
Giardia labmlia
Entamoeba histolytica

Question 15

Mechanism of action for Praziquantel

Answer 15

Increases cell membrane permeability resulting in loss of intracellular calcium, massive contractions ending in paralysis of musculature

Disintegration of schistosome tegument followed by attachment of phagocytes leading to death

Question 16

what organisms does Praziquantel

Answer 16

Schistosomaspp.
Echinococcus granulosus(with albendazole)
Taenia spp.
Diphyllobothrium latum

Question 17

what is the mechanism of action of Pyrantel Pamoate

Answer 17

A depolarizing neuromuscular blocker
Opens non-selective cation channels and induces a marked, persistent activation of nicotinic-acetylcholine receptors
Stimulates release of acetylcholine
Also shown to inhibit cholinesterases
Results in spastic paralysis of parasite

Question 18

Mechanism of action of Paromomycin

Answer 18

Exact mechanism for protozoa unknown, known to work similar to other aminoglycosides (30-S)

Question 19

what are the organisms that Paromycin treats

Answer 19

Entamoebahistolytica
Diphyllobothriumlatum
Echinococcusgranulosus
Taenia spp.
Schistosomaspp.

Question 20

Mechanism of action of Metronidazole and Tinidazole and their uses

Answer 20

Believed to serve as a pro-drug; activated by electron transfer process creating nitro-radicals which disrupts DNA, killing the organism

Entamoebahistolytica
Giardia lamblia
Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile

Question 21

what is the mechanism of action and examples of use of Atovaquone-Proguanil

Answer 21

•Mechanism of Action
Atovaquone selectively interferes with mitochondrial electron transport and ATP/pyrimidine biosynthesis

Proguanilselectively inhibits bifunctional dihydrofolatereductase-thymidylate synthetaseenzyme of plasmodia resulting in inhibition of DNA synthesis and depletion of folate cofactors

•Examples of Uses:
Plasmodium falciparum

Question 22

what is the best treatment for Amebiasis

Answer 22

Entamoeba histolytica

Metronidazole followed by Paromomycin

Question 23

what is the best treatment for Hook worm

Answer 23

Ancylostoma spp.
Necator americanus
Albendazole (Mebendazole)

Question 24

what is the best treatment for Roundworm

Answer 24

Ascarislumbricoides

Albendazole (Mebendazole)

Question 25

what is the best treatment for Giardiasis

Answer 25

Giardia spp. | Metronidazole (Tinidazole)

Question 26

what is the best treatment for Tapeworm Adult form

Answer 26

Diphyllobothrium latum Taenia spp. (incl. T. solium, except cysticercosis specific) Praziquantel

Question 27

what is the best treatment for tapeworm larval forms

Answer 27

Echinococcusgranulosus Albendazole + Praziquantel Taenia solium(Cysticercosis) Albendazole

Question 28

what is the best treatment for Pinworm

Answer 28

Enterobius vermicularis | Mebendazole (Albendazole)

Question 29

what is the best treatment for Schistosomiasis

Answer 29

Schistosoma spp. | Praziquantel (+ steroids for neurological disease (dz.)

Question 30

what is the best treatment for Threadworm

Answer 30

Strongyloides stercoralis | Ivermectin

Question 31

What is the best treatment for Whipworm

Answer 31

Trichuris trichiura | Mebendazole (Albendazole)

Question 32

what is the best treatment for Trichinellosis

Answer 32

Trichinella spp. | Albendazole (Mebendazole) (+ steroids for severe dz.)

Question 33

what is the best treatment for Cryptosporidium spp.

Answer 33

Nitazoxanide

Question 34

what is the best treatment for Cyclospora cayentanensis

Answer 34

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) Ciprofloxacinfor sulfa-allergic patients