treatments

Question 1

Outline the function of drug therapy/anti-psychotics/biological treatments

Answer 1

Correct the imbalance of dopamine in the synapse, to decrease activity

Question 2

What are the 2 types of antipsychotics
Which antipsychotic was developed first?

Answer 2

Typical antipsychotics
Atypical antipsychotics
Typical (atypical was a response to typical to reduce side effects)

Question 3

TYPICAL anti-psychotics:
Example
Which neurotransmitters does it work on?
How does it work?
What symptoms does it reduce?

Answer 3

Chlorpromazine
Dopamine
Block dopamine receptors on postsynaptic neurons>less dopamine transmitted across synapse
Positive symptoms

Question 4

ATYPICAL anti-psychotics:
Example
Which neurotransmitters does it work on?
How does it work?
What symptoms does it reduce?

Answer 4

Chlozapine
Dopamine, seratonin, glutamate
Blocks dopamine, seratonin, glutamate receptors on postsynaptic neurons>less dopamine, serotonin, glutamate transmitted across synapse
Positive symptoms AND reduce depression and anxiety

Question 5

What are the practicalities of drug therapy

Answer 5

Orally
Pill form
10mg daily for 4 weeks

Question 6

What’s an alternative drug therapy?
What is it’s design and function?

Answer 6

Risperidone
Designed to be as effective as Clozapine (atypical), but without the risky side effects
Binds to DA receptors more strongly than clozapine, evidence that it produces fewer side effects

Question 7

One strength of antipsychotics is that there is research support
PET

Answer 7

E: In a meta-analysis, psychologists found that chlorpromazine was associated with better functioning and reduced symptom severity
T: ^ credibility

Question 8

One weakness of antipsychotics is that there are severe side effects
PET

Answer 8

E: E.g. weight gain and muscle tremors
Patients will be reluctant to take them
T: reduces effectiveness

Question 9

One weakness of drug therapy is that it does not solve the root problem
PETF

Answer 9

E: Anti-psychotics just relive patients of their
symptoms, rather than treating the cause of schz
If patient stops taking drug, symptoms will return
T: reduce effectiveness of treatment
F: reduces economy as constant drug supply is expensive for the NHS

Question 10

One weakness of drug therapy is that it cannot be used with every patient
PET

Answer 10

E: Comorbidity of schz is high with substance abuse, these people cannot access these drugs as it risks their addiction
T: Exclusion>limits usefulness

Question 11

One weakness of drug therapy is that alternative therapies exist and may be better
PETF
*USE FOR THE OTHERS

Answer 11

E: E.g. CBT, family therapy
T: Drugs aren’t a sole explanation
F: Combination of drugs CBT, family therapy is best

Question 12

What is the aim of CBT?

Answer 12

Identify and challenge delusional thoughts, by substituting them with non-delusional ones

Question 13

What are the practicalities of CBT?

Answer 13

Talking therapy
Between therapist and client
1 hour a week for 5-20 weeks
Face to face

Question 14

What are the 5 techniques of CBT?

Answer 14

Identify delusional beliefs (no card cause its obvious :))
Test the reality of the beliefs
Develop alternative explanations
Develop coping strategies
Education on schz

Question 15

Explain the test reality of the belief of CBT
How could this be applied to a potential STEM?

Answer 15

Therapist asks questions to test the logic of their beliefs
Therapist use a tape recorder and ask if other people can hear the voices?

Question 16

Explain the develop alternative explanations of CBT
How could this be applied to a potential STEM?

Answer 16

Less threatening beliefs
Nurses aren’t trying to hurt you

Question 17

Explain the develop coping strategies of CBT
How could this be applied to a potential STEM?

Answer 17

E.g. positive self talk
Breathing excercises

Question 18

Explain the education on shcz of CBT
How could this be applied to a potential STEM?

Answer 18

Helps patient understand why they’re experiencing their symptoms
Educate them on prevalence

Question 19

One strength of CBT is that there’s research support
PET

Answer 19

E: Psychologist found that CBT led to a reduction in auditory hallucinations
T: ^ credibility as there’s scientific evidence

Question 20

One weakness of CBT is that it’s not suitable for everyone
PET

Answer 20

E: E.g. people who have high levels of avolition (no motivation) and speech poverty (no articulation)
T: Exclusion>limits usefulness of therapy

Question 21

One weakness of CBT is that it’s very lengthy
PET

Answer 21

E: Takes months>no immediate effects>disengagement
T: High drop out rates>reduces effectiveness of the treatment

Question 22

What is the aim of family therapy?

Answer 22

Reduce expressed emotion by upskilling parents to treat their child more sensitively>supportive parents

Question 23

In family therapy, what does the therapist encourage family members to form? Explain
What does family therapy educate and provide them with?

Answer 23

Therapeutic alliance=all agree of the aims of the therapy
Educates family members on the illness and provides them with problem solving and communication skills

Question 24

What are the practicalities of family therapy?

Answer 24

1 hour sessions
Once a week for 12 weeks
Between therapist, patient, and patients family

Question 25

What are the 7 steps to Burbach's model of practice for family therapy?

Answer 25

1 Sharing basic info about schz 2 Identify what family can offer 3 Create a safe space to express feelings 4 Identify unhelpful interactions 5 Training skills e.g. stress management 6 Relapse prevention 7 Planning for the future

Question 26

One weakness of family therapy is that it cannot work for every patient PET

Answer 26

E: not everyone's families are willing to attend sessions e.g. work/unsupportive T: Exclusion>limits usefulness of therapy

Question 27

One strength of family therapy is that it benefits the whole family PET

Answer 27

E: Educates wider family, not just the patient T: Multiple individuals are benefitting>^ usefulness

Question 28

One strength of family therapy is that there's research support PET

Answer 28

E: Psychologist found that family therapy reduced relapse rates by 50-60% T: ^ credibility

Question 29

One strength of family therapy is that families are better able to provide most of the care for the patient PET

Answer 29

E: Less patients in hospital settings as they can get care from home T: Easier for the patient ^ usefulness F: Boosts economy as NHS is spending less resources

Question 30

What are token economies (TE) based on? What is important to remember?

Answer 30

Operant conditioning (learning through consequence) *TE is NOT a treatment, but a way of managing schz

Question 31

What is the practicalities of TE?

Answer 31

Happens in psychiatric institution Controlled by healthcare workers

Question 32

What is the aim of token economies? What does it encourage? What is it preparing patients for?

Answer 32

Reduce negative symptoms Increase desirbale behaviour through reinforcement, NOT punishment Self care Life on the outside world

Question 33

What are the tokens made out of in TE? What are they exchanged for? When are they exchanged? Why? What type of reinforcement is this?

Answer 33

Plastic disks Meaningful rewards Immediately after desired behavior, delayed behaviour=less effective Positive reinforcement

Question 34

What type of reinforcers are the tokens? Why? What about the rewards? Why?

Answer 34

Secondary reinforces, alone they have no meaning Primary reinforcers, directly rewarding

Question 35

Give 3 examples of what the tokens could be switched for?

Answer 35

Cigarettes Video games Sweets

Question 36

Give 3 examples of behaviours that might be rewarded?

Answer 36

Showering Taking meds Socialising

Question 37

One strength of TE is that there is research support PET

Answer 37

E: Psychologists found that TE led to better overall patient functioning and less behavioural disturbance T: ^ credibility

Question 38

One limitation of TE is that there's historical baggage PET

Answer 38

E: 1950-60s nurses rewarded patients with cigarettes>dopamine>heavy smoking and nicotine addiction T: TE is still frowned upon

Question 39

One limitation of TE is that it's not suitable for everyone PET

Answer 39

E: Patients with severe symptoms are unable to access tokens as they can't perform desirable behaviour T: Discriminatory> reduces usefulness

Question 40

One limitation of TE is that they are hard to continue outside of hospital settings PET

Answer 40

E: Only likely to work in clinical settings, where patients are constantly monitored T: Limits usefulness, not everyone can access hospital settings