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Tree Biology Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

ABSCISSION

A

LEAF OR FRUIT DROP INDUCED BY HORMONAL CHANGES.

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2
Q

ABSCISSION ZONE

A

AREA AT THE BASE OF A PETIOLE, SMALL BRANCH, OR FLOWER WHERE CELLULAR BREAKDOWN LEADS TO LEAF, FLOWER, OR FRUIT DROP

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3
Q

ABSORBING ROOTS

A

FINE ROOTS WITH UNCTIONAL ROOT HARIS THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE UPTAKE OF WATER AND MINERALS.

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4
Q

ADVENTITIOUS

A

ARISING PERIPHERALLY FROM PART OF THE ROOT OR STEM AND HAVING NO CONNECTION TO MERISTEMS OR EXISTING BUDS

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5
Q

ALLELOPATHY

A

THE INFLUENCE, USUALLY DETRIMENTAL, OF ONE PLANT ON ANTOHER, BY THE RELEASE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES.

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6
Q

ANATOMY

A

STRUCTURE AND COMPOSTION OF PLANTS AND OTHER LIVING ORGANISMS

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7
Q

Angiosperm

A

Plant with seeds borne in an ovary; consists of two large groups; monocotyledons (grasses, palms, and related plants) and dicotyledons (most woody trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, and related plants)

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8
Q

Anthocyanin

A

Red or purple pigment responsible for those colors in some plants.

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9
Q

Apical

A

Having to do with the tip of a leaf, stem or root

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10
Q

Apical bud

A

Bud at the tip of a twig or shoot

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11
Q

Apical control

A

Inhibition of lateral buds, decreasing from the top down, by apical buds over many seasons, resulting in trees with an excurrent growth form

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12
Q

Apical meristem

A

Growing point in buds and at the tips of shoots and roots

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13
Q

Apoplast

A

Free space in plant tissue; includes cell walls as well as intracellular spaces

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14
Q

Auxin

A

Plant hormone that promotes or regulates the growth and development of plants; produced at sites where cells are dividing, primarily in the shoot tips; auxin-like compounds may be synthetically produced.

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15
Q

Axial transport

A

Movement of water, minerals, or photosynthates longitudinally within a tree

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16
Q

Axillary bud

A

Bud I the axil of a leaf, lateral bud

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17
Q

Callus

A

Undifferentiated tissue formed by the cambium, usually as the result of wounding

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18
Q

Cambium

A

Thin layer of meristematic cells that give rise (outward) to the phloem and (inward) to the xylem, which results in secondary growth (increasing diameter) of stems and roots.

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19
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Chemical compound, combining carbon hydrogen, and oxygen in proportion of C:2H:O (CH2O), that is produced by plants as a result of photosynthesis (sugars) or derived from assimilates (starches, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin)

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20
Q

Carbon dioxide

A

Colorless gas, soluble in water, used by green plants to make carbohydrates during photosynthesis; CO2

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21
Q

Carotenoid

A

Yellow, orange, or red pigment often responsible for those colors in some parts of trees and other plants

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22
Q

Cellulose

A

Long-chain, insoluble glucose polymer found in the cell walls of the majority of plants

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23
Q

Chloroplast

A

Specialized organelle found in some cells; site of photosynthesis

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24
Q

Compartmentalization

A

Natural defense process in trees by which chemical and physical boundaries are created that act to limit the spread of disease and decay in organisms.

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25
Compression wood
Reaction wood in gymnosperms, and some angiosperms, that develops on the underside of branches or leaning trunks and is important in load bearing.
26
Cross section
Section perpendicular to the axis of longitudinal growth
27
Cytokins
Plant hormones involved in cell division, leaf expansion, and other physiological processes; compounds with cytokinin-like activity may be synthetically produced.
28
Differentiation
Process in the development of cells in which they become specialized for various functions
29
Diffuse porous
Pattern of wood development in which the vessels and vessel sizes are distributed evenly throughout the growth ring
30
Dormant bud
Bud originally developed in leaf axil and connected to the pith by a bud trace that has not been stimulated to mature and grow; some buds remain dormant throughout the life of woody plant
31
Epicormic shoot
Shoot arising from a dormant bud or from newly formed adventitious tissue
32
Epidermis
Outer tissue of leaves, stems, roots, flowers, and seeds
33
Ethylene
Gaseous plant hormone that triggers fruit ripening and plant senescence
34
Gibberelins
Group of plant hormones involved in cell elongation and other physiological processes
35
Gymnosperm
Plants with exposed seeds, usually within cones; the classes Ginkopsida and coniferospida are members of the group
36
Heartwood
Central wood in a branch or stem characterized by being composed of dead cells, more resistant to decay, generally darker, and harder than the outer sapwood; trees may or may not have heartwood.
37
Internode
Region of the stem between two successive nodes
38
Lateral bud
Vegetative bud on the side of a stem
39
Lenticel
Small opening in the bark that permits the exchange of gases
40
Lignification
Process in which secondary cell walls are formed, making cell walls thicker and stronger by deposition of lignin
41
Lignin
Organic substance that impregnates secondary cell walls to thicken and strengthen the call, at times to reduce susceptibility to decay and pest damage.
42
Meristem
Undifferentiated tissue in which active cell division takes place found in the root tips, buds, cambium, cork cambium, and latent buds.
43
Mycorrhizae
Symbiotic association between certain fungi and absorbing roots of plants.
44
Node
Point on a stem from which leaves, branches, and aerial roots are attached.
45
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water potential (lower salt concentration) to a region of lower water potential (higher salt concentration)
46
Parenchyma cells
Thin walled, living cells capable of dividing and essential in photosynthesis, redial transport, energy storage, and production of defense compounds.
47
Periderm
Outer layers of tissue of woody roots and stems, consisting of the cork cambium and the tissues produced by it, such as bark
48
Phellem
The very outer portion of the bark that often exfoliates in plates or peels as it sheds from the tree
49
Phelloderm
The inner portion of the outer bark that generates the phelloderm on the inside and the phellem on the outside; cork cambium.
50
Phloem
Plant vascular tissue that transports photosynthates and growth regulators’ situated on the inside of the bark, just outside the cambium; is bidirectional (transports up and down).
51
Photoperiod
Length of daylight and or darkness required for certain developmental process and growth in plants
52
Photosynthate
General term for the sugars and other carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis
53
Photosynthesis
Process in green plants (and algae and some bacteria) by which light energy is used to form glucose (chemical energy) from water and carbon dioxide
54
Phytochrome
Plant pigment that is sensitive to certain wavelengths of light (red and far red); plays a role in plant responses to light
55
Pith
Central core of a stem; often a lighter color than surrounding tissue
56
Plant growth regulator
Compound effective in small quantities that affects the growth and/or development of plants; may be naturally produced (hormone) or synthetic
57
Plant hormones
Substance produced by a plant that, in low concentrations, affects physiological processes such as growth and development, often at a distance from the substances’ point of origin
58
Primary growth
Root and stem growth in length; occurs in apical and lateral meristems
59
Radial transport
Lateral movement of substances perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tree or stem
60
Ray
Parenchyma tissues that extend radially across the xylem and phloem of a tree and function in transport, storage, structural strength, and defense
61
Reaction wood
Wood formed in leaning or crooked stems or on lower or upper sides of branches as a means of counteracting the effects of gravity
62
Respiration
In plants, process by which carbohydrates are converted into energy by using oxygen
63
Rhizosphere
Soil area immediately adjacent to, and affected by, plant roots; typically has a high level of microbial activity
64
Ring porous
Pattern of wood development in which the large-diameter vessels are concentrated in the early wood
65
Root cap
Group of cells protecting the apical meristem at the root tip
66
Root hairs
Modified epidermal cells of a root that absorb the majority of water and minerals
67
Sapwood
Outer wood (xylem) that has living cells that are active in longitudinal transport of water and solutes
68
Secondary growth
Increase in root and stem girth or diameter occurs in later or secondary meristems in some vascular plants such as dicots
69
Secondary phloem
phloem produced to the exterior of the vascular cambium during secondary growth
70
Secondary xylem
Xylem produced to the interior of the vascular cambium during secondary growth
71
Senescence
Process of aging; process preceeding leaf drop in deciduous plants
72
Sieve cells
Long, slender phloem cells in gymnosperms
73
Sieve tube elements
Specialized phloem cells involved in photosynthate transport; exists only in angiosperms
74
Sink
Plant part that uses or stores more energy than it produces
75
Source
In physiology, plant part that produces carbohydrates; most green parts are sources because the presence of chlorophyll is indicative of photosynthesis, including mature leaves and green bark
76
Stomata (stomates)
Small apertures between two guard cells predominantly on the undersides of leaves and other green plant parts, through which gases are exchanged and water loss is regulated
77
Symplast
Entire mass of protoplasm of all the cells in a plant, interconnected b plasmodesmata
78
Tension wood
Form of reaction wood in angiosperms that forms on the upper side of branches or the trunks of leaning trees
79
Terminal bud
Bud at the tip of a twig or shoot; apical bud
80
Tissue
Group of cells with similar structure that have a special function
81
Tracheid
Elongated, tapering xylem cell that is dead at maturity and adapted for the support and transport of water and elements
82
Transpiration
Water vapor loss, primarily through the stomata of leaves
83
Turgor
Distension in a plant cell caused by its fluid contents
84
Tyloses
Protrusions of the parenchyma cells that enter and block adjacent xylem cells when those cells become inactive or injured
85
Vascular cambium
Lateral meristem from which secondary xylem and secondary phloem originate
86
Vascular system
Phloem and xylem, the parts of a tree that conduct water and minerals or organic compounds
87
Vascular tissue
Tissue that conducts water or nutrients
88
Vessels
Tube-like, water conducting cells in the xylem of angiosperms
89
Xylem
Main water-and mineral-conducting (unidirectional, up only) tissue in trees and other plants; provides structural support; arises (inward) from the cambium and becomes wood after lignifying

Tree Biology (1 decks)

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