Trematodes Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
Phylum
A
Platyhelminthes
2
Q
Class
A
Trematoda/Digenea
3
Q
Intestinal
Species
A
- Fasciolopsis buski
- Heterophyes heterophyes
- Metagonimus yokogawai
4
Q
Liver
Species
A
- Fasciola hepatica
- Clonorchis sinensis
5
Q
Lung Species
A
- Paragonimus westermani
6
Q
Blood Species
A
- Schistosoma mansoni
- Schistosoma japonicum
- Schistosoma haematobium
7
Q
Other terms for Trematodes
A
Flukes
8
Q
unsegmented, flat, broad, and leaf-shaped helminths under the phylum Platyhelminthes
A
Trematodes
9
Q
most are hermaphroditic, except Schistosomes
which are?
A
dioecious
10
Q
carry both male and female reproductive
organs in one body
A
Hermaphroditic
11
Q
have separate sexes
A
Dioecious
12
Q
Trematodes possess (what?) for attachment
making them efficient parasites
A
acetabula (suckers)
13
Q
Intermediate host of Trematodes?
A
Snails
14
Q
Classified By:
Reproductive System
A
monoecious and dioecious
15
Q
Habitat of Adult Fluke
A
intestinal, liver, lung,
or blood
16
Q
Monoecious Flukes
Body Shape
A
flat, leaf-shaped
17
Q
Monoecious Flukes
Sex Organs
A
hermaphroditic
18
Q
Monoecious Flukes
Egg
A
operculated (has a little lid or operculum where the larvae exit or enter) with undeveloped miracidium
19
Q
Monoecious Flukes
Intermediate
Hosts
A
two (2) → snail
is the 1st; the 2nd
could be snail,
crab, watercress,
or fishes
20
Q
Monoecious Flukes
Examples
A
Intestinal, Liver,
and Lung Flukes
21
Q
Dioecious Flukes
Body Shape
A
Cylindrical
22
Q
Dioecious Flukes
Sex Organs
A
Searate Sexes
23
Q
Dioecious Flukes
Egg
A
non-operculated
(with fully
developed
miracidium ready
to hatch in the
water)
24
Q
Dioecious Flukes
Intermediate Hosts
A
one (1) → snail
only
25
# Dioecious Flukes
Examples
Blood Flukes
(Schistosomes)
26
# Blood
Common Name
Blood Flukes
27
# Blood
resides in the inferior
mesenteric vein
Schistosoma mansoni
28
# Blood
resides in the superior
mesenteric vein
Schistosoma japonicum
29
# Blood
resides in the vesical and
pelvic veins
Schistosoma haematobium
30
# Biliary Tract
Common Name
Liver Fluke
31
# Biliary Tract
Trematode Species
* Clonorchis sinensis
* Opisthorchis viverrine
* Fasciola hepatica
32
# Intestine
Common
Name
Intestinal Flukes
33
# Intestine
Trematode
Species
* Fasciolopsis buski
* Heterophyes heterophyes
* Metagonimus yokogawai
34
# Respiratory Tract
Common
Name
Lung Fluke
35
# Respiratory Tract
Trematode
Species
Paragonimus westermani
36
# Morphologic Forms
* often operculated (e.g., Fasciola,
Fasciolopsis)
* non-operculated in Schistosoma
species
Eggs
37
# Morphologic Forms
Eggs has what type of spines?
some have terminal or lateral
spines for identification (e.g., S.
haematobium, S. mansoni)
38
# Morphologic Forms
Miracidium → Sporocyst →
Redia → Cercaria →
Metacercaria
- miracidium infects the snail
and develops into sporocyst
- sporocyst forms into rediae
which matures into cercariae
- the cercariae then encysts as
metacercariae
Larval Stages (External to Humans)
39
# Morphologic Forms
Schistosomes skip rediae stage;
produce?
daughter sporocysts
40
# Morphologic Forms
* flat, leaf-like, unsegmented, 1 – 5
cm long
* hermaphroditic, except
Schistosoma (dioecious)
* absorb nutrients/waste via body
surface
Adult Worms
41
# Morphologic Forms
Adult worms have two suckers, what are those?
oral and ventral
(acetabula)
42
# Nervous System
paired nerve center controlling the basic movement and coordination of
trematodes
Anterior Ganglion (Brain)
43
Excretory System
Excretory Bladder and Excretory Pore
44
# Excretory System
releases metabolic byproducts filtered
from the body fluids
Excretory
45
Digestive System contents
oral sucker → prepharynx → muscular
pharynx → esophagus → two (2) blind
intestinal ceca
46
Digestive System has no anus, how is wastes regurgitated?
wastes regurgitated via mouth (the
unsettled food or undigested material back flows)
47
* muscular structure used for
attachment and ingestion of
nutrients
* place for regurgitating the
undigested material
Oral Sucker
48
* inverted “Y-shaped”
* two (2) blind ceca
* ceca may be straight or branched
Intestine
49
# Intestine
two (2) blind ceca
- one for nutrient absorption; and
- the other for waste regurgitation
50
secondary attachment organ for anchoring to the host’s tissues
Ventral Sucker
51
# Reproductive System
single ovary, ootype, vitelline glands, uterus, common genital pore
Monoecious (hermaphrodites)
52
# Reproductive System
* separate sexes
* multiple testes in males, female with single ovary
Dioecious (schistosomes)
53
produces the ova or eggs
Ovary
54
stores the sperm
Seminal
Receptacle
55
* also known as Vitellaria
* produces the yolk
Yolk Gland
56
# General Infective Stages and Life Cycle
infective stage for most trematodes (foodborne transmission)
Metacercaria
57
# General Infective Stages and Life Cycle
infective stage for schistosomes (direct skin
penetration)
Cercaria
58
# General Infective Stages and Life Cycle
The only intermediate host for schistosomes. The first intermediate host for other flukes (usually followed by fish or vegetation)
Snails
59
specimen type depends on species:
* Feces →
* Sputum →
* Urine →
* Duodenal drainage or Rectal biopsy →
Give them.
* Feces → intestinal and liver flukes
* Sputum → lung flukes
* Urine → Schistosoma haematobium
* Duodenal drainage or Rectal biopsy → occasionally used for difficult cases
60
Diagnostic Target
* eggs are the main morphologic stage
recovered
* adult worms may be rarely recovered
61
Serologic Testing
ELISA and other immunoassays used
primarily for Schistosoma spp
62
# Stages of Development
Egg
Dioecious: embryonated with miracidium
Monoecious: may be embryonated or
immature when they are laid
63
# Stages of Development
* free-swimming, ciliated, non-feeding stage
* survives <24 hours in water; more likely to swim on or near water
Miracidium
64
# Stages of Development
The movement of organism towards or away the light source or when an organism alters its motility in response to light stimuli
phototaxis
65
# Stages of Development
Miracidium is also attracted to snail
mucus making it easier for them to seek
a host. How does it seeks snail?
seeks snail host via light and snail mucus
66
# Stages of Development
* sac-like with a birth pore
* houses germ cells
* may form redia or 2nd generation sporocyst
Sporocyst
67
# Stages of Development
* has mouth, pharynx, blind cecum, birth pore
* develops into cercaria
Redia
68
# Stages of Development
Free-swimming and highly motile larva, phototactic, short-lived
Cercaria
69
# Stages of Development
Types of Cercaria
* Simple-tail Lophocercus
* Keel-tail (with rudder)
* Microcercus (no tail)
* Fork-tailed (schistosomes)
70
# Stages of Development
Infective Stage of Schistosoma spp. to
humans
Cercaria
71
# Stages of Developmen
* encysted cercaria in 2nd intermediate host
(organ flukes)
* infective stage for monoecious trematodes
Metacercaria
72
# Lifecyle of Flukes Organ-Dwelling Trematodes
Found in
* intestine
* bile duct
* lung
73
# Lifecyle of Flukes Organ-Dwelling Trematodes
Infective Stage: Metacercariae
How do you get infected and what will it cause?
* via ingestion of water plants, fish, or crustaceans (2nd intermediate hosts) or ingestion of contaminated foods
* causes foodborne trematodiasis
74
# Lifecyle of Flukes Organ-Dwelling Trematodes
Examples
* Fasciola hepatica
* Paragonimus westermani
* Clonorchis sinensis
75
# Lifecyle of Flukes Blood-Dwelling Trematodes
found in
blood vessels (liver, mesentery, bladder)
76
# Lifecyle of Flukes Blood-Dwelling Trematodes
Infective Stage: Cercariae
How do you get infected and what will it cause?
* via skin penetration while wading/swimming in contaminated water
* some cases occur via oral (less common)
77
# Lifecyle of Flukes Blood-Dwelling Trematodes
Examples
* Schistosoma haematobium
* Schistosoma mansoni
* Schistosoma japonicum
78
# *Schistosoma mansoni*
Spine Characteristic
prominent, lateral (infero-lateral)
79
# *Schistosoma mansoni*
Spine Location
side (slightly lower)
80
# Schistosoma mansoni
Embryonation
embryonated (miracidium)
81
# *Schistosoma mansoni*
Common
Specimen
feces
82
# Schistosoma mansoni
Other Possible
Specimen urine (rare)
83
# Schistosoma japonicum
Spine Characteristic
rudimentary spine or knob (abbreviated)
84
# *Schistosoma japonicum*
Spine Location
lateral (less defined)
85
# *Schistosoma japonicum*
Embryonation
embryonated (miracidium)
86
# *Schistosoma japonicum*
Common Specimen
feces
87
# *Schistosoma japonicum*
Other Possible Specimen
rarely in urine
88
# *Schistosoma haemtobbium*
Spine Characteristic
prominent, terminal
89
# *Schistosoma haemtobbium*
Spine Location
at the end (posterior)
90
# *Schistosoma haemtobbium*
Embryonation
embryonated (miracidium)
91
# *Schistosoma haemtobbium*
Common Specimen
urine
92
if foodborne trematodes have operculated eggs, Schistosoma spp. have what on their eggs?
spines
93
adult schistosomes have?
cylindrical bodies
