TREMATODES / PROTOZOANS Flashcards by KRISTINE LOUISE LIRAZAN

What is the other name for Schistosoma japonicum?

Oriental blood fluke

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What are the manifestations of Schistosoma japonicum infection?

• Katayama fever
• Katayama syndrome
• Chronic infections leading to hepatosplenic disease and fibrosis

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What is the mode of transmission for Schistosoma japonicum?

Skin penetration by cercariae in contaminated freshwater

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What is the infective stage of Schistosoma japonicum?

Cercariae

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What is the diagnostic stage for Schistosoma japonicum?

Eggs in stool or tissue biopsy (rectal/liver)

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Who is the definitive host for Schistosoma japonicum?

Humans, dogs, cats, pigs, and domestic mammals

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What is the intermediate host for Schistosoma japonicum?

Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi (amphibious freshwater snail)

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What is an accidental host for Schistosoma japonicum?

Domestic and wild animals (e.g., water buffalo, dogs, rodents, pigs, and cats)

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Where does Schistosoma japonicum primarily locate in the host?

Mesenteric veins, portal vein, liver, intestines, spinal cord (in severe cases)

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What is a common diagnostic method for Schistosoma japonicum?

Identification of eggs in stool samples

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What is the treatment for Schistosoma japonicum infection?

Praziquantel

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What is a significant feature of Schistosoma japonicum eggs?

Large eggs with a small lateral spine

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What is the other name for Schistosoma mansoni?

Manson’s blood fluke

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What are the manifestations of Schistosoma mansoni infection?

• Acute schistosomiasis (fever, rash, eosinophilia)
• Chronic infections cause intestinal and liver fibrosis

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Who is the definitive host for Schistosoma mansoni?

Humans

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What is the intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni?

Biomphalaria spp. (freshwater snails)

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What is a common diagnostic method for Schistosoma mansoni?

Stool examination for eggs

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What is the treatment for Schistosoma mansoni infection?

Praziquantel

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What is a significant feature of Schistosoma mansoni eggs?

Eggs are elongated with a lateral spine

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What is the other name for Schistosoma haematobium?

Bladder fluke

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What are the manifestations of Schistosoma haematobium infection?

• Urinary schistosomiasis (hematuria, bladder fibrosis, increased risk of bladder cancer)

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What is the diagnostic stage for Schistosoma haematobium?

Eggs in urine or bladder biopsy

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What is the treatment for Schistosoma haematobium infection?

Praziquantel

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What is a significant feature of Schistosoma haematobium eggs?

Eggs have a terminal spine

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What is the other name for Fasciola hepatica?

Temperate Liver Fluke/ Sheep Liver Fluke

What are the manifestations of Fasciola hepatica infection?

• Acute phase: Fever, right upper quadrant pain • Chronic phase: Biliary obstruction and fibrosis

What is the diagnostic stage for Fasciola hepatica?

• Stool examination for eggs • Serological tests • Imaging techniques like ultrasound and CT scan

What is the treatment for Fasciola hepatica infection?

Triclabendazole

What is a significant feature of Fasciola hepatica eggs?

Large operculated eggs

What is the other name for Clonorchis sinensis?

Liver flukes

What are the manifestations of Clonorchis sinensis infection?

• Clonorchiasis • Acute pain in the right upper quadrant • Liver malfunction • Cholangiocarcinoma (most serious)

What is the infective stage for Clonorchis sinensis?

Metacercariae

What is the diagnostic stage for Clonorchis sinensis?

Parasite egg in stool

What is the treatment for Clonorchis sinensis infection?

Praziquantel-albendazole combination

What is a significant feature of Clonorchis sinensis eggs?

Eggs: melon-like ridges in surface

What is the other name for Opisthorchis felineus?

What is the other name for Opisthorchis viverrini?

What is the other name for Fasciolopsis buski?

Giant Intestinal fluke

What are the manifestations of Fasciolopsis buski infection?

• Gland abscesses • Intestinal obstruction • Intoxification

What is the infective stage for Fasciolopsis buski?

Metacercariae

What is the diagnostic stage for Fasciolopsis buski?

Unembryonated eggs in feces

What is the treatment for Fasciolopsis buski infection?

Praziquantel

What are the significant features of Fasciolopsis buski eggs?

Eggs are large, operculated, unembryonated

What is the other name for Echinostomum ilocanum?

Garrison’s fluke

What are the manifestations of Echinostomum ilocanum infection?

• Heavy infections • Inflammation • Ulceration • Bloody, abdominal pain • General intoxication

What is the infective stage for Echinostomum ilocanum?

Metacercariae

What is the diagnostic stage for Echinostomum ilocanum?

Unembryonated eggs in feces

What is the treatment for Echinostomum ilocanum infection?

Three doses of praziquantel

What is a significant feature of Echinostomum ilocanum eggs?

Eggs are straw colored, operculated, and ovoid

What is the other name for Paragonimus westermani?

Oriental lung fluke

What are the manifestations of Paragonimus westermani infection?

• Pulmonary paragonimiasis • Chronic cough • Hemoptysis • Chest pain • Dyspnea

What is the infective stage for Paragonimus westermani?

Metacercariae

What is the diagnostic stage for Paragonimus westermani?

Eggs in sputum or stool

What is the treatment for Paragonimus westermani infection?

Praziquantel or Triclabendazole

What is a significant feature of Paragonimus westermani eggs?

Eggs have flattened operculum with abopercular thickening

What is the other name for Toxoplasma gondii?

Toxoplasmosis

What are the manifestations of Toxoplasma gondii infection?

• Toxoplasmosis Lymphadenopathy • Fever • Congenital infections • CNS involvement

What is the mode of transmission for Toxoplasma gondii?

Ingestion of oocysts (from cat feces), undercooked meat, transplacental, organ transplant

What is the infective stage for Toxoplasma gondii?

Oocyst, tachyzoite, bradyzoite

What is the diagnostic stage for Toxoplasma gondii?

Oocyst in feces

Who is the definitive host for Toxoplasma gondii?

Cats (Felidae)

Who are the intermediate hosts for Toxoplasma gondii?

Humans and many warm-blooded animals

What is the location of Toxoplasma gondii in the definitive host?

Intestines

What is the location of Toxoplasma gondii in the intermediate host?

Tissues/CNS

What is the treatment for Toxoplasma gondii infection?

Pyrimethamine + sulfadiazine + folinic acid

What is a significant feature of Toxoplasma gondii?

Crosses placenta

What are the manifestations of Sarcocystis spp. infection?

• Sarcocystosis: intestinal form (nausea, diarrhea) • Invasive form (myositis, vasculitis)

What is the mode of transmission for Sarcocystis spp.?

Ingestion of undercooked meat (for humans as definitive host), fecal contamination (if intermediate host)

What is the diagnostic stage for Sarcocystis spp.?

• Oocyst/sporocyst in feces (intestinal) • Sarcocyst in muscle biopsy (invasive)

Who is the definitive host for Sarcocystis spp.?

Humans (S. hominis, S. suihominis)

Who are the intermediate hosts for Sarcocystis spp.?

Cattle, pigs

What is the location of Sarcocystis spp. in the definitive host?

Intestines, skeletal muscle, vasculature

What is the diagnostic method for Sarcocystis spp.?

• Stool microscopy (intestinal) • Muscle biopsy (invasive)

What is the treatment for Sarcocystis spp. infection?

Symptomatic; no specific

What is the definitive host for Toxoplasma gondii?

Humans ## Footnote Toxoplasma gondii can infect various hosts, but humans can act as definitive hosts.

What is the role of bradyzoites in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii?

They invade the definitive host's intestines and multiply into tachyzoites ## Footnote Bradyzoites are the dormant form found in tissue cysts.

What is a common source of Toxoplasma gondii infection?

Undercooked meat ## Footnote Particularly pork, which can contain tissue cysts.

How can humans acquire Sarcocystis spp.?

Ingestion of undercooked meat containing mature sarcocysts with bradyzoites ## Footnote This can lead to both intestinal and invasive forms of the infection.

What symptoms are associated with Sarcocystis spp. infection?

Nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea ## Footnote Symptoms are usually self-limiting.

What is the primary route of transmission for Blastocystis hominis?

Fecal-oral route via contaminated food or water ## Footnote Cysts can also be transmitted by household animals.

What are the typical symptoms of giardiasis caused by Giardia duodenalis?

Diarrhea, bloating, flatulence, and malabsorption ## Footnote Symptoms may include steatorrhea and abdominal cramps.

What is the infective stage of Giardia duodenalis?

Cyst ## Footnote Cysts are passed in feces and can remain infectious.

What is the primary method for diagnosing Blastocystis hominis?

Stool microscopy ## Footnote This allows for detection of cysts or vacuolated forms in stool samples.

Fill in the blank: The cysts of Blastocystis hominis can survive in water for up to _______.

19 days ## Footnote Cysts are resistant to chlorine.

True or False: Balantidium coli is the only ciliate parasite infecting humans.

True ## Footnote It is associated with pig farming and can cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms.

What is the treatment for balantidiasis caused by Balantidium coli?

Tetracycline, Metronidazole, or Iodoquinol ## Footnote Treatment may vary based on the severity of the infection.

What is the infective form of Balantidium coli?

Cyst ## Footnote Cysts are ingested through contaminated food or water.

What is the life cycle stage of Toxoplasma gondii that leads to tissue cyst formation?

Tachyzoites ## Footnote Tachyzoites multiply and can form bradyzoites in tissues.

What type of illness can Toxoplasma gondii cause in immunocompromised individuals?

CNS lesions ## Footnote Reactivation of the infection can lead to serious complications.

What is the characteristic form of Giardia duodenalis that attaches to the intestinal walls?

Trophozoite ## Footnote Trophozoites are flagellated and pear-shaped.

What diagnostic methods are used for Giardia duodenalis?

Stool examination, antigen detection tests, Enterotest ## Footnote These methods help identify the presence of the parasite.

Fill in the blank: The cysts of Giardia duodenalis can cause infection with as few as _______ cysts.

10 ## Footnote This indicates a low infective dose.

What is a common symptom of Blastocystis hominis infection?

Persistent diarrhea ## Footnote Infections can be asymptomatic or cause gastrointestinal issues.

TREMATODES / PROTOZOANS Flashcards

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