Triads Flashcards
Whipple’s Triad
True hypoglycaemia when:
- Symptoms
- Low serum glucose
- Symptoms resolve when administered glucose
Stable Angina Triad
- Central crushing chest pain radiating to neck/jaw
- Brought on with exertion
- Relieved with 5 minutes rest and GTN spray
(3/3 - stable, 2/3 - atypical 1/3 - non-typical)
3 CARDINAL SIGNS OF HEART FAILURE
3 CARDINAL NON-SPECIFIC SIGNS:
- SOB
- ANKLE SWELLING (Pulmonary oedema)
- FATIGUE
BECKS TRIAD
BECKS TRIAD = Cardiac tamponade
- hypotension (falling bp)
- increased JVP
- muffled S1 + S2 heart sounds
ZOLLINGER ELLISON SYNDROME TRIAD
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (Gastrin secreting tumour TRIAD:)
- Pancreatic tumour
- Gastric acid hypersecretion
- Widespread peptic ulcers
Acute mesenteric ischaemia TRIAD.
- Acute, severe, abdominal pain = central/right iliac fossa
- Diarrhoea and vomiting
- Potential embolic source
RAPID HYPOVOLAEMIC SHOCK
Chronic mesenteric ischaemia triad
Central colicky abdominal pain after eating (starting around 30 minutes after eating and lasting 1-2 hours)
Weight loss (due to food avoidance, as this causes pain)
Abdominal bruit may be heard on auscultation
CLASSIC TRIAD FOR APPENDICITIS = Murphys triad
Central abdominal pain which migrates to right iliac fossa,
Low-grade hyperpyrexia
Anorexia + Nausea and Vomiting
Wernickes encephalopathy triad
Confusion
Ataxia: inability to coordinate voluntary movement
Ophthalmoplegia and nystagmus
Chacot’s Triad
RUQ pain
Fever
Jaundice
Reynaulds Phenomenon
Charcot Triad
+ hypotension
+ confusion
Haemachromatosis classic triad
Bronze (slate grey skin)
Hepatomegaly
T2DM
Felty’s syndrome
Triad of:
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Granulocytopenia
- Splenomegaly
Life threatening risk of infection
Cardinal signs of Parkinson’s
Bradykinesia
Tremor
Rigidity
Postural instability
Charots neurological triad for MS
Dysarthria
Nystagmus
Intention tremor
Cushings triad
bradycardia,
widened pulse pressure
irregular breathing
Cushings reflex
HTN and bradycardia
Fronto-temporal triad
Diagnostic criteria include two of:
- Visual hallucinations
- Parkinsonism
- Fluctuating mental state
Pyelonephritis TRIAD
CLASSIC TRIAD:
- Fever
- Loin pain
- Pyuria
Membraneous nephropathy
GOLD STANDARD: Renal biopsy: TRIAD:
- ‘Spike and dome pattern’ on electron microscopy due to GBM thickening and subepithelial electron-dense deposits
- Capillary wall thickening on light microscopy
- Fine granular, capillary loop staining for IgG with immunofluorescence
RCC TRIAD
TRIAD:
- flank pain
- haematuria
- abdo mass
Somter’s triad
Seen in Asthma
- nasal polyps
- asthma
- aspirin sensitivity (triggers prostaglandin production -> leukotriene production)
Virchows triad
Virchows Triad:
- Change in vessel wall (endothelial injury)
- Change in blood flow = AF, Immobility
- Change in blood continuances (hyper coagulability) = sepsis (DIC), atherosclerosis, COCP, pregnant, malignancy
OR
HYPER COAGULABILITY
- Preggo, COCP, obesity, antiphospholipid syndrome, sepsis, DIC, malignancy
VENOUS STASIS
- Immobility (long flights, after surgery) = typically spread out clotting factors - laminar flow; stasis -> aggregation of clotting factors
ENDOTHELIAL INJURY
- smoking, trauma/surgery
- normally secretes anticoagulant chemicals, damaged endo CANNOT!
