Trials Flashcards

Question

CHANGING SOCIAL TRENDS: Historical and Cultural influences on designing and producing

Answer 1

The way we conduct our day-to-day lives changes significantly over time. With these shifts comes opportunities to create and design and ideas to suit new situations - E.g. advancements in communication technologies have enabled people to work from home (telecommuting), and some people adopt part-time work as a lifestyle choice. These changes in the social fabric of society has led to design opportunities.

Answer 2

Culture may be regarded as a set of spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of a social group or society and encompasses the arts, literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions, and beliefs of these people. Cultural rights are part of human rights and provide people the right to participate in the cultural life of their choice. - E.g. the cultural diversity of Australia has resulted in various products based on specific needs of ethnic communities. These cultures influence fashion and food, art and curriculum.

Answer 3

Changes include workplace relations, technological advancements and an increase in the percentage of women in the workplace. - E.g. computerisation in the workplace has meant changes in the nature of available work. The use of computers has meant the loss of jobs, such as robots replacing humans on the assembly line. At the same time, there has been an increase in employment in the ICT industries

Answer 4

Technological change does not only impact on production, but the ways in which designers work. 1. Assembly line manufacturing allows designers to increase production output. The digital revolution further increased output and decreased the cost and time of production 2. ICT permits working from home or other locations. They allow constant communication between colleagues, even if they are far apart

Answer 5

• Defined as doing right or wrong based on one’s personal values, customs, beliefs - Number of ethical issues related to design and innovation - Include protection of intellectual property (patents, copyrights, plagiarism), right and responsibilities of the designer, impact of design on Australian society and the environment - Our values and morals may be questioned over the potential of innovations • As environmentally aware consumers, we may choose products that are promoted as ‘green’ but not all other factors are considered • Steady move towards making industries more accountable for actions, decisions, production methods, working conditions and treatment of employees - Businesses held morally and ethically responsible for health and safety of employees as well as wider community - Law enforces safe working conditions and systems of work - Designers must account for the health and safety of the end-user INCLUDES: - a designer's responsibility - intellectual property rights

Answer 6

• Designers should operate with a sense of responsibility towards individuals, society and the environment – designers have legal and ethical responsibilities including: - Working within customers’ deadlines, budget constraints and quality expectations - Ensuring foods are priced reasonably and of good quality - Avoiding any conflict of interest and maintaining client confidentiality - Rejecting all forms of plagiarism - Considering social and cultural implications of their work

Answer 7

• Organisations and legislations protect safety and rights of the designer • Registered designs some designs are formally registered – protecting the visual appearance (shape, configuration, pattern, decoration but not actual workings) 14 • Patents is a legal right granted to protect a device, substance, method or process – gives owner legal right to promote product for commercial gain • Copyright protection is free and granted for original works of art, music, films, broadcasts, literature – license must then be obtained to perform, copy, broadcast, adapt, publish that work in public • Registered trademark provides the legal right to use, license or sell a particular item or service – used by manufacturer to differentiate its product from those of competitors

Answer 8

Many industries and employers readily adopt green technologies and take advantage of government assistance and subsidies to do so - Environment Protection Authority (EPA) requires all industries to take reasonable steps to preserve and protect the environment and habitats and to recycle waste - ‘Waste less, recycle more’ is the largest waste and recycling funding program in Australia – designed to stimulate investment in infrastructure to meet ambitious recycling, illegal dumping and littering targets • Global warming  caused by an increase in greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere - Governments, industry and communities now recognise the necessity of reducing the level of greenhouse gases caused by human activity – particularly by the burning of fossil fuels and land clearing • Pollution levels  Pollution includes water, soil, air and noise pollution - Water pollution occurs where run-off and waste from production plants are pumped into the water system, thus impacting on the life forms in the waterways - Soil pollution occurs when toxic waste seeps into the soil, thus making the area contaminated and unproductive - Land pollution/landfill – often the result of packaging or single-use products that do not easily biodegrade, such as plastics • It is the manufacturer’s responsibility to ensure that noise restrictions in particular areas are abided by and that workers use correct protective equipment.

Answer 9

• Design has impact on economy, safety, wellbeing and community/cultural spaces  good design can bring enormous social benefits and reduce costs to finance and health • Designers should complete an in-depth assessment of their PSE- may reveal the kind of impact on society a design will have and ensure that it is a positive rather than negative one - Life-cycle analysis is critical as the impact of each materials, tool and technique on the environment and society cannot be overlooked

Answer 10

• Use design process to produce a final design that is socially, economically and environmentally sustainable - Sustainable design is common among modern designers who seek to reduce their impact on the environment and use technologies that can be produced and maintained without exhausting other resources – e.g. energy • It is important that research and development is conducted to devise alternative sources of energy to fossil fuels for future generations • Sustainable energy sources - Solar power: Convert energy from sunlight intro direct current electricity - Biofuel: The only renewable energy source that is able to store solar energy - Energy from hot rock: Australia has a great source of geothermal energy, derived from well below the Earth’s surface - Energy from water: Energy can be harnessed from flowing water, it is called hydroelectricity. Water can be a scarce resource, but it is renewable because it is constantly replenished through the process of the hydrological cycle - Wind power: Wind turbines are used to convert wind energy into a form of energy such as electricity. It is one supported by the government because it is plentiful, renewable, clean and there are no greenhouse gas emissions

Answer 11

Timing, Available and Emerging Technologies, Historical and Cultural, Political, Economic and Legal Factors, Marketing Strategies

Answer 12

Manufacturers and retailers may wish to stimulate demand for a new product, which they will often do through effective marketing. Innovators should also respond to consumer trends to ensure success.

Answer 13

The development of new technologies enables new products to be pushed into the marketplace. New technologies will enable a designer to improve on existing product that has already been accepted in the marketplace. (GPS) - CRITICAL technologies are used to develop products - ENABLING technologies are those needed to use critical technologies - STRATEGIC technologies are emerging technologies that are crucial to further development and new products – they become critical technologies in the future

Answer 14

Historical and cultural factors: The innovator must consider the historical and cultural environment – the beliefs, values and behaviours of the consumers who form the target market Political factors: Governments can also influence the success or failure of innovation. The government plays a significant role in trade agreements and policies. Government support is provided for the development of water-saving designs that respond to the environmental concerns of the time Economic factors: A growing economy can be good for designers of new products, as consumers are more willing to spend money and try new ideas. A slowing economy may also affect innovation, as products must become more efficient. Legal factors: The governments of Australia legislate to protect the rights of workers and consumers. The Australian Tax Office, trade agreements and the ACCC are three examples of government-led impacts on product 17 development. Standards Australia sets the standards for new and existing products. Innovators must meet these standards.

Answer 15

A product’s marketing strategy can impact on the success of an innovation. To be commercially successful, a product must satisfy consumer demands. The marketing strategy explains how a business plans to market a product. It involves evaluating the market environment, determining the demand, making decisions about supply of the product and setting achievable goals. The elements of marketing are often described as: - People: potential customers - Product: aesthetics, function and special features - Price: setting the price at an appropriate level - Promotion: advertising the product through a number of media Packaging: providing information, protection and presentation of the product An innovative design will not only be aesthetically pleasing but will also function better than its precursors and bring benefits to the economy and culture into which it emerges. The innovator will be looking for a point of difference for their product. • Innovations are changes or improvements to existing product design and manufacturing processes - Innovative designers are involved in change and the creation of opportunities to bring about change in order to improve our quality of life - Today, knowledge has replaced land, labour and finance as the most important resource for economic development - Efficiency and effectiveness to enhance quality of life

Answer 16

There are many agencies that impact on innovation, the innovator needs to be aware of those that will: - Protect their designs - Provide assistance in the development of the innovation - Regulate design and production THESE INCLUDE: Standards Australia IP Australia Small Business Council Australian Competition and Consumer Commission Australian Securities and Investments Commission Australian Centre for Innovation and International Competetiveness

Answer 17

Standards Australia - Standards Australia is recognised for its role in maintaining standards and setting benchmarks for industry, government and the Australian community. If an innovation meets these standards, it is more likely to promote consumer confidence, global competitiveness and also financial support from investors. IP Australia - It is important that designers protect their intellectual property. Inventions, trademarks, original designs or practical applications of ideas all need to 18 be legally protected, as intellectual developments are often the edge that sets successful companies apart from their less innovative competitors. Small Business Council - In 2003, the Australian Government established the Small Business Council (SBC) to advise on the broad range of issues that impact on small businesses. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission - The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) is an independent authority that administers the Trade Practices Act 1974. It works to protect consumer and business rights while also monitoring industry regulations, pricing and unauthorised anti-competitive behaviour. Australian Securities and Investments Commission - The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) regulates financial services, ensuring that trading is fair and ethical. Australian Centre for Innovation and International Competitiveness (Information support) - The Australian Centre for Innovation and International Competitiveness (ACIIC) addresses a broad range of issues related to the development of effective strategies and policies in science, technology and innovation in the public and private sectors.

Answer 18

Entrepreneurial activity  concerned with the creation, evaluation and exploitation of ideas – making good ideas into a commercial success - It involves recognising those ideas that have potential for a successful commercial venture and the ability to take those ideas through to the creation of a successful product - Entrepreneurs are usually: passionate about their work, problem solvers, innovative with technologies, prepared to persevere, visionary, good managers of finance, time and people, creative, energetic, optimistic, ethical Characteristics of an Entrepreneur - Problem solver - Risk taker - Flexible - Creative - Ethical - Critically analyse successful innovations

Answer 19

Intellectual property (IP) refers to a range of different, legally enforceable rights that arise from the productive new ideas you create. Before applying for a design right, it is important to understand: the difference between IP rights, where they overlap, how they relate to a product or business Types: Patents, Trademarks, Copyrights

Answer 20

PATENTS: a patent protects any device, substance, method or process that is new, inventive and useful. Designed to cover: computer-related inventions (software), business methods (Amazon 1 click shopping), biological inventions (GMOS), micro-organisms It is legally enforceable and gives you exclusive rights to your invention for the life of the patent * STANDARD PATENT provides long term protection and control for up to 20 years * INNOVATION PATENT protects your invention for up to eight year Overlapping with designrights: - may use a patent to protect how their product works, design right for its visual appearance - important to apply these at the same time because your product should be a secret when applying for these

Answer 21

TRADEMARKS: a way of identifying a unique product or service. It can protect a letter, number, unique symbol, word, logo, sound or image. it provides you with exclusive rights to use, license and sell the mark. Thus, no one else in Australia can use the trademark for the same goods/services it has been registered for Trademarks can protect shape, colour and branding on products. They identify your brand and dinstinguish your goods or services - whereas design rights protect overall visual appearance. Aus trademarks can be ongoing if renewed, whereas design rights have a max life span of 10 years

Answer 22

COPYRIGHT: automatically protects the expression of an idea as soon as it is documented --> the way an idea or information is communicated, such as writing, music, visual images, moving images etc. copyright generally protects artistic works: books, films, music and sound recordings, newspapers, artwork PROTECTS DESIGNS NOT YET PRODUCED ON A COMMERCIAL SCALE while IP administers design rights, they do not administer copyright YOU WILL LOSE COPYRIGHT PROTECTION: - if you industrially apply and make copies of your design (50+ copies = industrially applied) - if you register a design right

Answer 23

• Creativity developing solutions to challenge/enhance quality of life with techniques and resources - Changing the way something is done - Critical analysis of successful innovation helps understand quality, innovation and creativity • Innovation building upon others’ ideas and designs to change/make something better

Answer 24

• Design processes - Successful designers work systematically and intuitively - Follow guidelines set by syllabus/marking guidelines - Reflect on processes used by designers • Developing ideas - Sketches show evolution of your thoughts, annotation provides evidence of the development of ideas - Discussing ideas/collaboration is useful

Answer 25

Successful innovator will consider a number of factors as he or she develops a design and takes it through to production. You can learn from the work of other designers and may like to consider some of the factors listed below as you work through the development and realisation of your project. • Search for inspiration. • Document all ideas. • Develop a vision for your design idea. • Consider both aesthetics and function. • Check the market potential. • Research the characteristics of your target consumer. • Investigate competing products. You want to have the edge over other products. • Collaborate. Share with others. Listen to advice but be strong in your own ideas and challenge criticism. • Model and test your designs. 21 • Detail the requirements for production. Identify all parameters. • Consider resources – both availability and environmental impact. • Check and confirm costs. • Identify a quality-assurance system. • Make a prototype, evaluate and modify it. Critical analysis of successful innovation will assist you to understand such concepts as quality, innovation and creativity. In your major design project, you must provide evidence of creativity, ensuring that your project stands out from the others.

Answer 26

• Setting quality for product may involve meeting specifications, ensuring fit for purpose, aim for zero defects and use correct techniques • Quality for customers will include customer satisfaction, exceeding the customer’s expectations and pleasing the customer - Quality control techniques used when inspecting for quality and detecting faults during production - Quality assurance planned procedures to ensure product meets quality standards • Plan strategies to ensure quality for MDP - Should be documented in production plan, show expectations and when/how you intend to check and assess quality

Answer 27

Identification and Exploration of a Need Needs analysis Areas of Investigation Parameters of Design Criteria to Evaluate Success

Answer 28

Need is often consumer-driven  Designer responding to the demands of the target market • Opportunity may be designer-driven  Designer creating products that will be desirable to consumers • Many innovative products are result of design modifications enabled by technology advancements, materials, tools, creativity • As you develop ideas you will cover: - Identifying a problem or recognising an opportunity - Establishing a need from that problem - Exploring different areas of that need Needs Analysis • Ensure product being developed is in direct response to what target market desires • Will help you find a gap in market and learn about what your intended project must be able to do to meet needs/wants of target market • Important to carry out initial research - Surveys of potential end-users - Observation of consumer behaviour - Discussion with focus groups - Exploration of range of similar products available • Needs analysis will assist in developing design proposal - Form of design brief - Broadly outlines what you aim to design and construct and clearly identifies target market the project is aimed at Areas of Investigation 1. What  Make a list of everything you need to find out about. Keeping it relevant to design/development of MDP 23 2. How  Use books, magazines, professional journals, internet, talk to experts. Using primary and secondary research. Use multiple forms of communication to record findings 3. Why  How will finding out about it impact on success of MDP, how will it help during development. What would be result of not investigating this factor • Need to investigate all possibilities that may impact both positively and negatively on success of MDP • To provide direction for future action • How to show that investigation has been helpful in leading you in right direction Parameters of Design • Constraints/restraints designer must adhere to • Following parameters and limitations they might impose e.g. time, cost, skills, materials, tools, techniques, size Criteria to evaluate success • Gives opportunity to explain what MDP must do and how it must look to be considered successful - Allow you to set goals you wish to attain - Allows markers to understand what you set out to achieve - Provides standard against which success can be measured • Constantly refer back to criteria - Must be written in positive, achievable terms and are evident in finished product - Need to be able to prove you have achieved each criteria

Answer 29

• Occurs throughout design and development of MDP - Can be formal scientific investigation - Or informal observations and discussions • Only conduct research/experimentation that is relevant • Show design inspiration, findings, design development - Show how what you have found impacts development of design • Research can be obtained from variety of sources - Internet (should be checked for authenticity and reliability) - Journals/magazines (reliable sources) - Interview and observation Primary Research Secondary Research Testing and Experimentation Responding to Findings of Research and Testing Application of Computer Based Technologies Communication

Answer 30

Primary Research • Interacting with potential consumers, existing products, manufacturers to collect first-hand evidence - Identifying target market through observation/survey - Look at existing products and conducting gap analysis to identify areas of improvement - Conducting surveys, interviews, questionnaires • Evaluate findings of primary research and explain impact Secondary research • Drawing on findings of others using established information - Use statistical data e.g. census - Read research articles/technical journals Testing and experimentation • Establish tests considering how and where it is used, who will use it • Experiments should be written with headings (Aim, Method, Result, Conclusion) • Show evidence of results (photographic/physical material) • Also include models and prototypes - 3D communications are evidence of design development and should reflect design modification in response to findings in research/testing Responding to findings of research and testing • To demonstrate results of research and testing has been incorporated: - Show ongoing design development - Use sketches to demonstrate how you have incorporated findings from research/testing by showing changes, sketching possible options and annotating and evaluating - Analyse and evaluate results of test and apply to MDP - If conduct survey, graph results and analyse findings - Create final design drawing Application of computer-based technologies Designers heavily reliant on computer-based technologies, allows to work flexibly and efficiently • Modelling - Make predictions about costs or material changes to project - Able to represent different scenarios and analyse results - Used in decision making process - E.g. using 3D modelling software generate graphic of design. Unlike hand drawn, it can be rotated and viewed from different angles 25 - CAD develops design concept to move and reproduce movement of real product - Helps designer and client to visualise end product in 3D form • Research - Electronic resources provide wider, up to date range of references - E.g. get statistics, examine other designers, data about materials, current research articles, databases, communicate with designers, blogs and podcasts • Simulation - Imitation of a real-world situation - Informs decision making and improves quality of final design - Can representing key characteristics or features of a design - Also simulate environment in which that product/system is used - Provide visual experience of final design (for clients and for testing purposes) - Can be used to test both function and aesthetic aspects • Graphics - 2D and 3D graphics are essential to designer who needs to simulate and present designs Communication • Designers use information and communication technologies (ICTs) to send/receive information that relates to their work • ICTs allow interaction through wirelessly connected computers e.g. digital whiteboards, smartphones, laptops • Voice over internet protocol (VOIP) and video conferencing replace traditional forms of communication • Overcome previous challenges e.g. distance and time, and inexpensive to run

Answer 31

Safety: • Work Health and Safety Act 2011  designers are now even more responsible for the PSE they create - Must consider safety as a prime need in any process they undertake and as a result of any action they perform - Everything from the selection of materials to be used, manufacturing methods to be undertaken, intended purposes and use of the MDP through to the end of life or new life of the project, waste and energy must be considered • As a designer, your own personal safety and the safety of those who execute your designs will require careful consideration and planning - There are often safety issues to be considered regarding the materials you have selected, working with the materials and even machining the materials in a safe manner.

Answer 32

Ethical issues • Ethics refers to the standards of conduct that indicate how people ought to behave, based on a set of values and principles • As designers, the core value of our ethical code of practice is responsibility – responsibility to the consumer, to the environment, to society, to the manufacturer and to other designers • Using environmentally friendly materials and processes is also an ethical issue • When making choices about the resources we are considering, we are making ethical decisions. - What are my opinions? - What are the consequences of my decision? - How does my decision impact others? - Will my choice support ay unethical practice? As a responsible designer, you can consider the different tools and materials you purchase. Buying Australian-made products is one-way consumers can support the nation. Buying Australian-made products not only supports local industries and jobs, 27 and also reduces the air pollution and greenhouse pollution involved in transportation methods. Environmental issues Materials that are known to be detrimental to the environment should be avoided. - Is there safer alternative for the materials, size, shape and operation? - What will happen after the project’s life cycle is complete? - How will the various parts be disposed of? (think cradle-to-cradle) - Sustainability is usually expressed in environmental or scientific terms, but it is also a social challenge that involves ethical decision making on the part of governments, industries and individuals

Answer 33

- Ongoing evaluation is essential to ensure you stay on track and produce the best possible outcome to meet the need or opportunity you identified. - Ongoing evaluation throughout all stages of design process, allows designer to reflect on process and modify management, tools, materials and techniques according to successes and failures

Answer 34

Individual The impact on the target market should be examined - Does the product improve the quality of life? - Does it make life easier? - Does it make the consumer happier? - Does it affect the consumers health or wellbeing? - Does it impact on self-esteem or self-worth? The impact on the designer should also be examined - Did you learn new skills? - Has the MDP increased your awareness of issues such as growing consumerism and negative impacts on the environment? - Will you be able to apply the skills learned to future life situations? Society Society may be viewed as a body of individuals living together as a community. Within that group may be numerous subsets based on cultural background, religious beliefs, socio-economic factors etc. When examining the positive and negative impacts of the MDP, consider: - Improved cohesiveness and developing greater community pride and spirit 29 - Factors that may reduce the burden on infrastructure, such as hospitals and the health care system - Anything that may cause offence to any group within the community - The ability to make members of the community feel safer/ free from harm - Whether it could lead to employment opportunities Environment The environment may be viewed as both out natural and manufactured surroundings. We impact the environment continually, taking what nature produces and returning waste in air and water pollution and landfill. A life-cycle analysis is important. Examine the impact on the physical environment by considering all inputs and outputs, but do not ignore the impact on environmental usage.

Answer 35

• Begin with overview listing major steps that will take place as you develop your project • As project develops, refine action plan to show acquisition of knowledge/understanding gained from research and testing • Using SWOT analysis to recognise personal strengths and weaknesses and well as aware of opportunities and threats - Can help us recognise our personal strengths and weaknesses as well as make us aware of opportunities and threats that may impact on the successful management of a project - Considering all factors that could have an impact, either positive or negative, on the successful completion of the MDP allows us to think about options, make the most of what is available and be prepared if things go wrong

Answer 36

• Time action plan should be working document showing refinement and modification as problems are encountered - Many designers and project managers use a Gantt chart to show the sequence of actions against an established time scale - Allow quick comparison of the time allocated to tasks and the proportion of the entire project dedicated to different steps • Finance plan  may impact on process and material choices as well as the time the designer spends on design development - A budget or recommended amount of money to be spent on the project should be established in the early stages of the project and adhered to throughout the development and realisation phases

Answer 37

• Spend time carefully identifying need and following stages of design process  more likely to end up with successful project - Important for a designer to use as many research methods as possible to gather information • Need to analyse and justify the information gathered to use relevant information to inform decision making - Criteria to justify design choice (e.g. considering materials for garment)  refer pos and neg aspects of decision

Answer 38

COLLABORATION IN DESIGN • Sharing of ideas and expertise is a positive aspect of teamwork  companies will have groups to ensure cooperation and collaboration - E.g. graphic designers, specialists to design, production team, marketing team in one company - Designers may consult with other designers or colleagues to gain inspiration or research ideas - Electronic communication has enhanced concept of team design, with people from across the globe collaborating on projects • Collaboration leads for better result for client

Answer 39

IMPLEMENTING SAFE WORKING PRACTICES • Safety needs to be considered and addressed at all stages of design process • Safety of a design to be considered from range of viewpoints e.g. - Ethical, moral, professional perspectives - Legal responsibilities - Environmental issues - Production and disposal concerns • Recent changes in safety laws and improvements in attitudes brought about changes in expectations places on designers who produce/sell goods to public - Places a responsibility to be aware of safety aspects of their design in all phases of its life cycle, from design through manufacture and use to disposal • The health and safety laws  the WHS laws are policed by WorkCover NSW - WorkCover responds to complaints, investigates accidents or near misses and, if necessary, issues compliance orders for repair or shutdown of dangerous workplaces, and issues fines for breaches of the Work Health and Safety Act - Another part of WorkCover’s role is the administration of workers’ compensation and rehabilitation, and coordination of testing and accreditation for dangerous operations such as using explosives or operating heavy machinery • The Work Health and Safety Act 2011 encourages workplaces to engage in consultation as a means of improving safety and avoiding potential health and safety problems. Their role is to: 33 - develop WHS and related policies - establish a hazard identification and workplace assessment strategy - develop and implement risk-control procedures - set up a consultation mechanism - carry out workplace inspections.

Answer 40

Hazard reduction and risk assessment • Hazard is anything that can potentially cause harm or loss. WorkCover categorises hazards as: - physical (noise, machinery, working at heights etc.) - chemical (inhalation, skin contact with chemicals, swallowing chemicals) - biological (infections, bacteria from plant and animal matter, biological waste) - mechanical/ electrical (electrocution, crush injuries from medical plant) - radiation (UV light, lasers, welding) - psychological (human behaviour, violence, traumatic stress) • Legal requirement for employers to identify hazards, assess risks and eliminate/control risks to health and safety at work - If a hazard is found, a judgement must be made about how dangerous it is: how seriously someone could be affected and how likely this is to happen  called risk assessment

Answer 41

• Important for designers to carefully consider any potential consequences of any materials, tool or technique that is introduced into designs - DDT – an effective pesticide, led to birth defects, effects on the nervous system and increases in cancer rates - Asbestos – widely used in building materials as an insulating material, affects the respiratory system and can lead to death by asbestosis and lung cancer - These products were still produced long after dangers were known, and little attempt was made to protect workers or consumers until serious legal and financial threats made - Biofuels are an emerging technology that is having an environmental impact. In order to lessen its ecological footprint, Qantas used biofuels successfully on a flight from Sydney to Adelaide. Impact of emerging technologies on innovation • Innovation using an existing materials or technology for a completely different purpose or to develop a new material or technology - Strong link between emerging technologies and innovation - New types of technology play an important part in process of innovation - Often, we benefit from innovations where an existing technology is used in a new way - The adaptation of common AA rechargeable NiMH batteries to produce fuel cells that power electric vehicles is a strong example of how existing technology might be used in a new way.

Answer 42

- Small-scale production - Take place in home/small factory sold at local markets or produced to meet specific client orders - Simple manufacturing techniques to keep cost low - Basic tools and machines

Answer 43

Community settings - Small community/interest group that develops company for local people or interested parties in community - Scale of production varies according to needs of community - Seeks to provide service/product for community, such as creation of jobs - Rural/regional centres frequently engage in such productions - E.g. community gardens offering locals opportunity to grow and harvest own produce (aim to not only have fresh produce but cut down on carbon used to transport food from farm to consumers)

Answer 44

Industrial and commercial settings - Produce large scale goods - Large number of people in production process and variety of manufacturing techniques as they have access to large scale machinery and tools - Products are more economically viable to manufacture, given large scale - Industry has more funds to afford more sophisticated manufacturing processes, support heavier production costs

Answer 45

Technology used in production processes - Machinery allows for efficient and effective production - CAD produces a 3D prototype, achieved by linking designs to CAM - Prototype allows designer to see product before sent to production - Computer-aided manufacturing 36 o Use computers to control machinery in workshop o Computer program drives machinery, is easy to control and change than mechanical device o CAM is more flexible and able to produce wider range of goods and improve efficiency o Will work with computer aided design CAD o Speed with machinery can be altered to produce different goods o Able to produce large quantity of products in single run o Quick, low-cost alternative

Answer 46

* Information (e.g. supplier client records, financial records, time and action plan) is readily accessible and storage simplified * Communication developments break down distance and time barriers, 24-hour contact between designers and clients * Evolved idea development and refinement process - more detailed and accurate, wider range of materials and colours introduced without redrawing designs, ideas shown in 3D. Modifications made before production, reducing costly errors. CAD allows designs sent straight to production * Communication technologies save research time. Tools/materials can be purchased from office. * New styles of marketing e.g. viral marketing using SMS and email marketing using customer data * Flexible work environments, more freedom to work from home, information is portable * Production processes also benefited. CAD and CAM ensure error-free designs for production. Measurements from CAD drawings are accurate * Introduction and enhancement of assembly lime – faster and larger volume pro

Answer 47

* Technology is expensive – small companies disadvantages as large corporations have more funds * Low/unskilled workers replaced with machinery. Unemployment crippling for individual or entire community * Significant maintenance and repair costs of machinery * Pollution caused by large factories detrimental impact on environment. Large-scale use of non-renewable resources is unsustainable * Extended use of electronic communication lead to social isolation

Answer 48

Computer Aided Design: | An automated system for design, drafting and display of graphic information

Answer 49

Computed Aiding Manufacturing: Computer program that makes manufacturing data from CAD drawings to automate the manufacture of a product by computer-controlled machine

Answer 50

Design of products that don’t generate waste or landfill at the end of their usual life but can be used + recycled into new products

Answer 51

Science of designing machines, products and systems to maximise safety, comfort and efficiency of people who use them

Answer 52

Detailed report of resources used in a project with costs applied

Answer 53

Using existing material or tech for a completely different purpose or to develop new material or tech

Answer 54

Preliminary version of product or design from which other versions are developed

Answer 55

Causing little or no damage to the environment or not using finite resources

Answer 56

Management makes all decisions -> design team just follows instructions (robots)

Answer 57

The team is asked to provide their opinions and they are taken into consideration by the leader before the final design is made

Answer 58

Everyone is involved in the same decision-making process (everyone is equal)

Answer 59

``` Visual tools that assist learners to represent facts, ideas, concepts and the connections between them EXAMPLES - PMI - Brainstorming - Mind map 38 - Concept board ```

Answer 60

Section of the population grouped according to common characteristics such as age, income, gender

Answer 61

Ability of a product to repeatedly perform its designed function for an acceptable period of time without failure

Answer 62

Able to adjust and change in response to chagnes

Answer 63

Detailed technical documents developed by Standards Australia to ensure quality and common understanding

Answer 64

A set of guidelines or rules to maintain certain standards and consistency

Answer 65

design for products that can easily be disassembled, separated and sorted for reuse or recycling at the end of their reusable life

Answer 66

The total surrounding of things, conditions or influences; especially the combination of external physical conditions that affect and influence our growth, development and survival

Answer 67

A detailed grid that displays the task to be undertaken and time allocated, and maps these on specified timeline

Answer 68

Recognises ownership of a product of the intellect that has commercial value including copyrighted property such as literary or artistic artworks, patents, business methods and industrial processes

Answer 69

In-depth exploration of the needs and wants of the target market; used to establish a genuine need or opportunity and ensure that the design solution is in response to that need

Answer 70

A legal document granted by the government that gives an inventor exclusive rights to make, use and sell and invention for a specified period

Answer 71

The process of establishing a technical standard to ensure compatibility of production assemblies

Answer 72

The name or other symbol used by a manufacturer to distinguish its products from those of competitors

Answer 73

an act relating to health and safety within the workplace; the act sets the framework for duties designed to promote health and safety and workplaces must comply with these

Answer 74

Jamie Fuller - SKINS - taken the diea of compression garments used to help the injured and elderly, and created a sportswear product - in terms of marketing: he targeted sports doctors and physicians

Answer 75

You are a handbag designer; - sketches and prototypes are automatically protected by copyright --> if you choose to manufacture copies on a commercial scale, you will lose this copyright protection - want to mass produce: before marketing and production, apply for a design right to protect the overall visual appearance. apply for a patent to protect the technology that allows the handbag to charge a phone, etc. apply for a trademark to protect the logo

Answer 76

- aims to protect the visual apperance of a whole product that has a physical form, is manufactured / handmade, is produced on a commercial scale - don't protect concepts / processes, how it works, the materials used, the size, the brand name or logo, pratial design features - get design right through application with IP australia

Trials Flashcards

(100 cards)