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Trinchero Review Notes - CSW Flashcards

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1
Q

Ingredients for Wine

A

Water, Alcohol, Acid, Sugar, Phenolic Compounds

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2
Q

Percentage of Water in Wine

A

80-90%

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3
Q

Types of Sugar - Wine

A

Fructose and Glucose

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4
Q

Grape Acids

A

Tartaric, Malic, Citric, Succinic

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5
Q

Fermentation Acids

A

Lactic, Acetic, Succinic

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6
Q

PH of Wine

A

2.9 - 3.9 (lower PH = more acid)

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7
Q

Most prevalent acid in wine

A

Tartaric Acid

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8
Q

Phenolic Compounds

A

Anythocyanins, flavonals, tannins, vanillin, resveratrol

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9
Q

Wine fault : Mold related: musty, moldy, dank basement, wet cardboard

A

2,4,6 Trichloroanisole (TCA) : AKA Cork Taint

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10
Q

Wine fault: Bacteria related odors

A

Acidic Acid, Butyric Acid, Ethyl Acetate, Geranium

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11
Q

Wine Fault: Bacteria related odors: Vinegar

A

Acidic Acid

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12
Q

Wine Fault: Bacteria related odors: rancid butter, goat

A

Butyric Acid

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13
Q

Wine Fault: Bacteria related odors: Nail polish remover, model airplane glue

A

ethyl acetate

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14
Q

Wine Fault: Bacteria related odors: crushed leaves

A

Geranium

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15
Q

Wine fault: mold related odors: wet cardboard

A

TCA

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16
Q

Wine Fault: sulfur related odors: burnt matches

A

sulfur dioxide

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17
Q

Wine Fault: sulfur related odors: rotten eggs

A

hydrogen sulfide

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18
Q

Wine Fault: sulfur related odors: garlic and onions

A

Mercaptan

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19
Q

Wine Fault: other fault odors: horsey, bandaid

A

Brettanomyces

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20
Q

Wine Fault: other fault odors: leaves, under ripe grapes

A

Green

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21
Q

Wine Fault: other fault odors: nutty, caramel

A

oxidized

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22
Q

Wine Fault: other fault odors: cooked odor, sweet

A

maderized

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23
Q

Wine Fault: other fault odors: cabbage, burnt rubber

A

reductive (lack of oxygen)

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24
Q

Wine Fault: other fault odors: bread dough

A

yeasty/leesy

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25
Viticulture: Venus
Vitis
26
Viticulture: grouping of genetically similar plants
Species
27
Viticulture: Subspecies - ex: Pinot Noir
Variety
28
Viticulture: offspring of two subspecies in the same species. EX: Cab. Franc + Sav. Blanc. = Cab Sav.
cross
29
Viticulture: new plant made from cutting - asexual reproduction
Clone
30
Viticulture: new plant with distinctive character
Mutation
31
Viticulture: offspring of 2 species EX: Seyval Blanc
Hybrid
32
Grapevine timelines:
Weeping, bud break, flowering, berry set, verasion, harvest
33
Time between bud break to harvest
140-160 days
34
Temperate latitude for grape growing
30 - 50 degrees
35
Vine Metabolic Processes
Photosynthesis, Respiration, Transpiration, Translocation
36
Vine metabolic process: Sugar breaks down and converted into biological energy
respiration
37
Vine metabolic process: cools vine. Water evaporated through stomata
transpiration
38
Vine metabolic process: materials in plant are moved from one area of the plant to another
translocation
39
What is terrior
climate and weather, temperature, precipitation, humidity, fog, wind, soil, physical geology
40
Climate type: influenced by the ocean. Heavy rain, mild temperatures EX: Bordeaux, Galicia, Yarra Valley
Maritime
41
Climate type: all 4 seasons, hot summers, cold winters | EX: Burgundy, Rioja, Mosel
Continental
42
Climate type: Warm/dry summers, wet winters, mild temperatures, low humidity EX: Napa, Tuscany, Provence
Mediterranean
43
Bacterial disease spready by glassy-winged sharpshooter
Pierce's Disease
44
Diseases: fungus that causes powdery mildew of grape.
Odium
45
Fungus: it is usually called "grey mould" or "gray mold" AKA Noble Rot
Botrytis cinerea
46
Training system, the vine shoots are trained upward in a vertical, narrow curtain with the fruiting zone below
Vertical Shoot Position
47
a portfolio of vineyard management techniques, which manage a grapevine's canopy from the time of winter pruning until harvest time.
Canopy Management
48
a unit of measure that has been traditionally used in the wine, sugar, fruit, and honey industries to estimate the sugar (sucrose) or water soluble content (on a percent by weight basis).
BRIX ; ABV = BRIX x .55
49
FR: A system for measuring the sugar content of grape juice by its density.
Baume
50
Scale used in Germany to measure sugar levels and other solids in grapes or must to determine ripeness and potential alcohol. This scale is based on the density or specific gravity of the must.
Oeschle ; ABV = (Density - 1.0) x 1000
51
Austria: scale is used to measure sugar in grapes and, hence, their ripeness.
KMW: Klosterneuburger Mostwage.
52
Viticultural Practices: attempts to minimize environmental impacts and ensure economic viability and a safe, healthy workplace through the use of environmentally and economically sound production practices. EX: Napa Green, Lodi Rules, Vine Balance
Sustainable
53
Viticultural Practices: a combination of practices that stimulate positive interactions between vines, soil and climate, through the use of methods that respect the environment. EX: USDA
Organic
54
Viticultural Practices: farming all components of the vineyard as one whole entity, eliminating the use of chemicals and using natural materials and composts. Following the biodynamic calendar is another integral part of the process. Organic Viticulture + metaphysical elements EX: Demeter International
Biodynamic
55
Types of Viticultural Practices
Sustainable, Organic, Biodynamic, Integrated Pest Management
56
Prefermentation: 1st juice off grapes without adding pressures. BEST juice
Free run juice
57
Prefermentation: style of pressing that is much more subtle and softer on the fruit, not allowing bitter tannins from seeds and skins to be extracted from the cracked seeds.
Bladder Press
58
Prefermentation: common winemaking technique that is widely used in the production of red wines. It involves holding crushed red grapes at a low temperature for a period of time prior to the start of fermentation.
Cold Soak/ Maceration
59
Final Must Adjustments
Acidification, Chaptalization
60
Prefermentation: Adding sugar to must before fermentation begins to boost the alcohol content in the finished wine
Chaptalization
61
Prefermentation: the settling of the freshly pressed grape juice prior to fermentation, so as to produce wines with the purest expression of fruit.
Débourbage
62
Wine fault: Caused by high amounts of acetic acid and ethyl acetate
Ascensence or volatile acidity
63
Wine fault caused by lactic acid bacteria interacting with sorbic acid
Geranium
64
TCA is noticeable at very _________ concentrations, with most people able to detect at the level of _____________
Low ; 2-7 parts per trillion
65
Term used for indigenous grapes that are the result of natural cross-breeding or natural mutation in a specific area
authochthonous
66
Example of grape produced via a crossing
Cabernet Sauvignon
67
Grape known for producing robust red wines as well as off dry blush wines
Zinfandel
68
Italian variety known to have aromas of tar and roses
Nebbiolo
69
Main variety in the "black wines of Cahors"
Malbec
70
One of the most aromatic white grapes, known for aromas of perfume, flowers, spice, lychee, and rose
Gewurtraminer
71
White grape with gasoline or petrol like aromas
Riesling
72
Problem that causes poor fruit set, AKA Shatter
coulure
73
Problem with abnormal fruit set that causes grape bunches to have a high proportion of small, seedless berries mixed in with normal, larger berries
millerandage
74
Fungal disease AKA downy mildew
Peronospora
75
4 soil types: smallest to largest
clay, silt, sand, gravel
76
How much water do vines need on an annual basis
20-30 inches
77
Temperature that signals bud break in the Spring
50 degree F/ 10 degrees Celcius
78
White Wine Production Timeline, starting at Harvest (14 steps)
``` Harvest Sorting Crusting pressing Must adjustments Juice settling Innoculation fermentation sur lie aging clarification barrel aging blending cold stabilization bottling ```
79
White Wine Production Timeline, starting at Harvest (14 steps)
``` Harvest Sorting Crushing/Destemming Must adjustments Cold Soak Inoculation Fermentation Cap Management (1-2 after ferm and then simultaneous) Extended maceration Pressing Clarification Barrel Aging Blending Bottling ```
80
Stirring up of dead yeast cells back into the liquid
Batonnage
81
Use of gravity to remove suspended matter in a batch of newly fermented wine
racking
82
French term for "rack and return"
Delestage
83
The cake of compressed grape skins and seeds that remains behind after the final pressing of the juice or wine
Pomace
84
French term for "punching down"
Pigeage
85
Type of German rose
Weissherbst
86
optional winemaking process that converts malic acid into lactic acid, resulting in a sharper, more acidic wine
Malolactic fermentaiton
87
Styles of sparkling wine from driest to sweetest (7)
``` Brut Nature Extra Brut Brut Extra Dry Sec Demi Sec Doux ```
88
sizes of Champagne bottles: smallest to largest (7) ; starting with 2 standard bottle equivalent
``` Magnum (2 bottles) Jeroboam (4 bottles) Rehoboam (6 bottles) Methuselan (8 bottles) Salmanazar (12 bottles) Balthazar (16 bottles) Nebuchadnezzar (20 bottles) ```
89
FRENCH: Type of pumping over in which the fermenting juice is drained into a separate holding tank before it is returned to the original tank by spraying it now over the sunken cap
Delestage AKA Rack and return
90
FRENCH: form of cap management known as "pumping over"
remontage
91
Intracellular fermentation process that can occur in whole, unbroken grapes in the absence of oxygen without the use of yeast
Carbonic Maceration
92
Wine where you would you typically see carbonic maceration used.
Beaujolais Nouveau
93
Added to cuvee in order to initiate the second fermentation
liqueur de tirage
94
Turning the bottles and gently shaking them in order to get the dead yeast cells collected near the cap
remouage
95
Rack used to hold bottles of wine during the riddling process
Pupitre
96
Creation of blended wine that will undergo a second fermentation and be turned into sparkling wine
Assemblage
97
Second alcoholic fermentation
Prise de mousse
98
An addition added just after disgorging a bottle of sparkling wine; AKA dosage
liqueur d' expedition
99
Another name for the Charmat method of sparkling wine production
Cuve close
100
Style of Champagne most likely considered to be a brand's "house style" and most consistent wine
Non vintage
101
Top of the line sparkling wine produced by a given brand or producer
tete de cuvee wine
102
Steps in the traditional method of sparkling wine production in order
``` First fermentation Blending Bottling Second fermentation Riddling Disgorging Dosage ```
103
Sweet wine production types
``` Late harvest (higher sugar) Dried grapes (Recioto: Italy) Freezing (Icewine - Canada, Germany) Adding sugar (finished wine + sugar) Fortification (alcohol + wine) Botrytis ```
104
French term "to bleed" ; process of production of rose wine in which a portion of the juice is run off from a batch of macerating or fermenting must. May also result inthe production of deeply hued red wines
Saignee
105
Example of botrytis affected wines: Bourdeaux, FR
Sauternes - using Semillon, Sav. Blanc, Muscadelle
106
Example of botrytis affected wines: Loire Valley, FR
Coteaux du Layon, Vouvray - Chennin Blanc
107
Example of botrytis affected wines: Germany
Trockenbeerenauslese - Riesling
108
Example of botrytis affected wines: Hungary
Tokaji Azsu - Furmint
109
Example of botrytis affected wines: Alsace, FR
Selection de Grains Noble - Riesling, Muscat, Gerwutztraminer, Pinot Gris
110
Sparkling wine production methods
``` Traditional Tank Transfer Partial fermentation Ancestral Carbonation ```
111
Method of sparkling wine production that follows the traditional method through the second fermentation and lees aging, then begins the clarification stage with the wine emptied into a pressurized tank
Transfer Method
112
French term: In champagne production, fractions of juice from specific pressings
Taille
113
Most common acid in grapes and wine
Tartaric acid
114
Common traditional method sparkling wines in Alsace, Burgundy, and Loire FR
Cremant
115
Common traditional method sparkling wines in Lombardy Italy and its grapes
Franciacota - Chardonnary, Pinot Nero, Pinot Blanco
116
Common traditional sparkling method wine: Champagne - grapes
Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Pinot Meunier
117
Common traditional method sparkling wine in Spain and it's grapes
Cava : Xarel-lo, Macabo, Paradella
118
Styles of traditional method sparkling wines
``` Prestige (tete de cuvee) - BEST! Vintage Non Vintage Blanc de blancs Blanc de noirs Rose ```
119
Typical pressure of dissolved carbon dioxide in a bottle of sparkling wine
4-6 ATM
120
Process of sparkling wine production that is used to create w wine that emphasizes youthful, floral, and primary fruit aromas
Tank method AKA Chamart, cuvee close, and bulk method
121
Method used for low alcohol, sweet sparkling wines such as Italy's Moscato d' Asti
Partial fermentation method
122
Sparkling wine method where after bottle is sealed, fermentation continues inside the bottle until it reaches 1-3 ATM and 6-7% residual sugar remains. Sweet base wine.
Ancestral method
123
Best known example for ancestral method sparkling wine
Limoux Methode Ancetrale - Languedoc, FR
124
Variation on ancestral sparkling production method known specifically as the Methode Dioise Ancestral is made for the production of what
Clairette de Die Method Dioise Ancestral DOC - Rhone Valley, Pays Dioise, FR
125
Base wine for production of Champagne
high acid, low alcohol. Fermented dry
126
French term: upside down vertical positioning of a bottle, sometimes used in the riddling stage of sparkling wine
Sur Pointe
127
Sweet style fortified wines: type of base wine, when do you fortify, give examples of styles
Base wine: high sugar Fortify: during fermentation EX: Port (Portugal), Madeira (Portugal)
128
Dry style fortified wines: type of base wine, when do you fortify, expected ABV, give examples of styles
Base wine: neutral wine Fortify: after fermentation *15-18% ABV EX: Sherry (Jerez, Spain), Madeira (Portugal)
129
French term: Sweet fortified wine made by adding grape spirits to partially fermented grape must.
Vin doux naturel
130
Vin doux natural examples
``` SOUTHERN FRANCE: Muscat de Beaumes de Venise Muscat de Riversalles Banyuls Maury ```
131
Term used for process of fortified wine production where alcohol is added for fermenting wine while it still has a significant amount of sugar in it
Mutage
132
Most widely used grape in production of Sherry
Palomino
133
Two grapes most commonly used in production of dry styles of Maderia
Sercial, Verdelho
134
Specific term for French wine made by fortifying unfermented grape juice or must. Give 2 examples
Mistille ; Floc de Gascogone and Pineau de Charentes
135
Where is Banyuls produced
Rousillon, FR
136
Fortified wine specialty of Cyprus
Commanandaria
137
Fortified wine specialty of Cognac region in FR
Pineau des Charentes
138
Fortified wine specialty of Italy (Sicily)
Marsala
139
Fortified wine specialty of Austrailia
Rutherglen Muscat
140
Fortified wine specialty of Spain
Malaga
141
Top 3 wine producing countries
Italy, France, Spain
142
Date of phylloxera crisis in Europe
1860
143
Earliest examples of vinifera based wines were produced where
Andes Mountain in South America
144
EU labeling: If protected place name is used on the label of a PDO wine, what percentage of the grapes must be from the states region
100%
145
EU labeling: If protected place name is used on the label of a PGI wine, what percentage of the grapes must be from the states region
85%
146
EU labeling: If a single grape varietal is used on the label of a PDO or PGI wine, what percentage of the grapes must be from the stated varietal
85%
147
EU labeling: If vintage is used on the label of a PDO or PGI wine, what percentage of the wine must be from the stated vintage
85%
148
Quality tiers for EU wine: lowest to highest
Wine, PGI, PDO
149
New EU regulations permit the continuing use of pre-existing designations of origin as long as they were registered prior to
Dec. 31, 2011
150
Most widely planted red and white grapes in France
R: Merlot W: Ugni Blanc (Trebbiano)
151
Term: basic French table wine using 100% French grapes
vin de France
152
Elevated region located in the central portion of France
Massif Cenral
153
French Wine Lawes: quality designations: low to high
Vin (entry level - previously vin de table) PGI/IGP (Vin de pays/Indication Geographique Protegee) PDO/AOC/AOP (Appelation d' Origine Contolee/Appelation d' Origine Protegee
154
French governing body for appellations/place names
INAO - Instituit National de 'l Origne et de la Qualite
155
3 levels of GI under PGI/IGP
Regional (8) Departments (28) Zones (41)
156
Portion of French wine produced at PGI/IGP level
1/3
157
Portion of French wine produced at AOC/PDO level
~ 50% ; 300+ AOCs | **100% of grapes must come from stated area
158
2 most important PGI regions in France
Pays d' OC IGP (Western FR, Med. Coast - Languedoc & Roussilon) * BEST KNOWN L'Atlantique IGP (Bordeaux, Dordogne, Charentais)
159
Bordeaux climate and geographical features
SW FR on Atlantic Ocean Maritime climate Landes forest (protects!)
160
Bordeaux: Waterways divide into 3 areas - name the areas
``` Left Bank (West of Garrone River and Gironde) Right Bank (North and East of Dordogne and Gironde) Entre-Deux-Mers (between Garrona nd Dordogne) ```
161
Red grapes of Bordeaux
MERLOT! (most planted) Cab. Sav, Cab Franc, Malbec, Petit Verot, Carmenere
162
White grapes of Bordeaux
Semillon, Sav. Blanc, Muscadelle! | Minor: Colombard, Ugni Blanc, Merlot Blanc
163
French Term: Bordeaux: Wine estate
Chateau
164
Intermediary who buys grapes or finished wine for resale and who may also ferment, age, blend, and/or bottle the wine
Negociant
165
French term: selling wine in futures
En Primeur
166
3 large AOCs for Bordeaux
Bordeaux AOC - dry red, light red, clairets, dry and sweet wines, roses Bordeaux Superieur AOC - tighter restrictions for red and sweet whites. Lower yields, higher ripness Min 1/2 degree alcohol higher Cremant de Bordeaux AOC - sparkling (white and rose)
167
Bordeaux LEFT Bank AOCs
``` Medoc AOC Haut Medoc AOC (upper Medoc) Braves AOC Pessac Leognan AOC Sauternes AOC (contains Cerons and Barsac AOCs) ```
168
Left Bank Bordeaux AOC featuring Cab Sav. based blends
Medoc AOC
169
Most highly revered AOC on Left Bank Bordeaux
Haut Medoc AOC
170
Leading red grape of the Left Bank: Bordeaux
Cabernet Sauvignon
171
Bordeaux: Left Bank: 6 communal AOCs of Haut Medoc AOC
``` Saint Estephe Pauillac Saint Julien Listrac medoc Moulis-en-Medoc Margaux ```
172
Bordeaux: Premier Crus/First Growths (5)
``` Chateau Haut Brion (Pessac - Leognan) Chateau Margaux (Margaux) Chateau Lafite Rothschild (Pauillac) Chateau Lafite (Pauillac) Chateau Mouton-Rothschild (Pauillac) ```
173
Property whos ranking on the Bordeaux Classification of 1855 was changed in 1973
Chateau Mouton-Rothschild (Pauillac)
174
Bordeaux AOC (left bank) known for sweet white botrytis affected wines
Sauternes AOC | Sub AOCs: Ceron and Barsac AOC
175
Bordeaux classification of 1855 divided how many wines into what
61 red wines into 5 levels called crus
176
Superior first growth for sweet Bordeaux
Chateaux d' Yquem
177
Bordeaux sweet wine classifications
15 second growths 11 first growths 1 superior first growth: Chateu d' Yquem
178
RIGHT BANK BORDEAUX notable AOCs (2)
``` St. Emilion AOC (merlot) Pomeral AOC (merlot blends) ```
179
Satellites of St. Emilion (Right Bank Bordeaux)
Lussac St. Emilion Montagne St Emilion Puisseguin St. Emilion St. Georges St. Emilion
180
St. Emiion Grand Cru Classe' Category A Property (2)
Chateau Cheval Blanc | Chateau Ausone
181
Other notable AOCs: Right Bank Bordeaux
``` Fransac AOC Cannon Fronsac AOC Blaye AOC Cotes de Bourg AOC Lalande de Pomeral OAC ```
182
St. Emilion Grand Cru Classe
Established 1954 Requires reclassification every 10 years 4 Class A producers 14 Class B producers
183
Style of wine for Entre-Deux-Mers AOC : Bordeaux
WHITE ONLY! Semillon, Sav. Blanc, Muscadelle, Colombard, Ugni Blanc, Merlot Blanc **Haut Benage AOC on western edge: Dry and sweet whites
184
AOC founded in 2009 to combine disjointed regions in Bordeaux. Name this AOC and its 5 subzones
Cotes de Bordeaux AOC ``` Subzones: Blaye Cotes de Cotes de Bordeaux Cadillac de Cotes de Bordeaux Castillon de Cotes de Bordeaux Francs de Cotes de Bordeaux Satin Foy de Cotes de Bordeaux ```
185
Grape variety for most dry white Bordeaux wines
Sav. Blanc
186
Loire Valley wine styles
Crisp, dry white, sweet whites, sparkling, dry reds, dry and off dry roses
187
4 wine growing regions of Loire Valley (west to east)
Pays Nantais Anjou- Saumur Touraine Upper Loire (AKA eastern Loire)
188
White grapes of Loire Valley
Melon de Bourgogne Chenin Blanc Sauvignon Blanc
189
Red grapes of Loire Valley
Cab. Franc | Cab Sav
190
Key grape of Pay Nantais (Loire)
Melon de Bourgogne (AKA Muscadet) - 3/4 vineyards! Other minor grapes: Folle Blanche (gros plant), Chenin Blanc, Gamay
191
Main winemaking technique of Pay Nantais: Loire Valley
Sue lie aging
192
P
193
Pay Nantais appellations
``` Muscadet AOC Muscadet Coteaux de la Loire AOC Muscadet Sevre at Main AOC Coteaux d'Ancenis AOC Gros Plant du Pays Nantais AOC ```
194
Of the 4 appellations for Muscadet, which is responsible for 80% of production
Muscadet Sevre et Maine AOC
195
Anjou-Saumar AOC wine styles
Red, whites, sparkling: Mousseux and Petillant
196
Red grapes of Anjou-Saumar AOC
Cab Franc, Cab Sav
197
White grapes of Anjou-Saumar AOC
Chenin Blanc!! & up to 20% Sav. Blanc and/or Chardonnay
198
Which Loire Valley white wine is often called the most cerebral wine in the world
Savennieres (Savennieres AOC = 100% Chenin Blanc)
199
AKA Pineau de la Loire
Chenin Blanc
200
Grape: Aka Cot
Malbec
201
Grape: Aka Breton
Cab. Franc
202
Rose appellations of Saumur & Tourraine regions
Rose de Loire: dry (region covers Anjour-Saumur, and Tourraine) Rose d' Anjou: off dry - Grolleau Cabernet d' Anjou: sweeter: Cab Sav. Cab Franc
203
Sweet wine appellations: Anjou-Saumur (Loire Valley) base on 100% Chenin Blanc
Coteaux du Layon AOC | Sub: Bonnezeau AOC and Quartes de Chaume
204
First and only grand cru of the Loire
Quarts de Chaume (became Coteaux de Layon Premier Cru Chaume) = 100% CHENIN
205
Eastern Anjou Saumur Appellation making unique spicy reds with Cab Franc (can include up to 15% Cab Sav or Pineau d' Aubris (Chenin Noir)
Samur-Champigny AOC
206
Anjou-Saumur sparkling wine appellations
Saumur Mousseux (Chenin Blanc, Cab Franc) - Traditional method Cremant de Loire AOC (covers entire Loire) - Traditional method; Saumur is main grape source
207
Three leading red wine appellations in Tourine
Chinon, Bourgueil, St Nicholas de Bourgueil
208
Largest and warmest region of Loire
Touraine
209
Touraine Grapes
White: Sauvignon Blanc | Red/Roses: Cab Franc, Malbec
210
Touraine Appellations
``` Touraine AOC (covers all) Vouvray Montlois-sur-Loire AOC Cheverny AOC Chinon AOC Bourgueil AOC St. Nicholas de Bourgueil AOC ```
211
Touraine appellations focusing on Chenin Blanc
Vouvray AOC Moutlois-sur-Loire AOC Chinon AOC (also does red, but W must be 100% Chenin)
212
Most elegant of all red wine appellations in Touraine
Chinon AOC - Cab Franc and Cab Sav - Also does W: Chenin Blanc= 100%
213
Marketing term for sparkling wines of the Loire
fines bulles
214
Upper Loire Appellations
``` Sancerre AOC Poully Fume AOC Menetou Salon AOC Quincy AOC Reuilly AOC ```
215
Soil type of Sancerre AOC
Chalky soils
216
Soil type Pouilly Fume AOC
flinty soils (smoky flavor)
217
Upper Loire AOC that only makes white wines based on 100% Chenin Blanc
Quincy AOC
218
Main soil types of Champagne region
Chalk and limestone rich marl
219
White grapes of Champagne region
Chardonnay!! Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris, Petit Mesler, Arbane
220
Red grapes of Champagne region
Pinot Noir, Pinot Meuneir
221
5 growing regions of Champagne (north to south) and their grapes
``` Montagne de Reims - Pinot Noir, Pinot Meunier, Chardonnay Vallee de la Marne- Pinot Meunier, Cotes de Blancs - Chardonnay Cotes de Sezanne - Chardonnay Cotes de Bar (Aube) - Pinot Noir ```
222
Which growing region in Champagne sits on limestone rich kimmeridgian marl
Cotes des Bar (Aube)
223
French term for vintage champagne
millesime
224
Term found on label of grower champagne
RM or recolant manipulant
225
AOC that covers rose wines produced in the far south end of the Champagne region
Rose de Riceys
226
Types of wine produced in the Coteaux Champenois AOC
still wines in red, white, rose
227
Champagne Production: 3 grades of pressed juice
1. Cuvee - free juice rum. Premium 2. Taille - later pressings - used for extra dry and demi sec 3. Rebeche - used for still wines
228
Village classification system for Champagne
Echelle des crus -rates each village on quality of grapes Grand Crus Villages (17) Premier Cru Villages (42)
229
Alsace geographic features
``` Rhine River Vosages Mountain (Rainshadow!) ```
230
2 deparements of Alsace
``` Bas-Rhin (lower elevation) Haut Rhin (higher elevation) ```
231
Alsace Grapes: Noble and others
Noble: Riesling, Gerwurztraminer, Pinot Gris, Muscat Others: Pinot Blanc, Sylvander, Chasselas, Auxerois, Klevender de Heiligenstein R: Pinot Noir
232
If grape stated on the label of Alsace what percentage of that grape must be used
100%
233
Alsace Blends (2)
Edelzwicker (noble blend) | Gentil (must be blended with 50% noble grapes)
234
Notable wine styles of Alsace
``` Dry (traditional) Vintage Tardive (late harvest, some botrytis, can be dry) Selection de Grains Nobles (sweet wine from botrytis affected grapes) ```
235
Alsace appellations
``` Alsace AOC (covers all) Alsace Grand Cru AOC (in Alsace vineyards = Grand Crus; NO Chaptalization - Most in Haut Rhin) Cremant d'Alsace AOC (Sparkling: Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris, Riesling, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, or Auxerrois) ```
236
What percentage of production is Cremant d'Alsace AOC in Alsace
23%
237
Number of grand cru vineyards in Alsace
65
238
Wine that may be produced using Pinot Noir grapes in Alsace, but must be vinified as a white wine
Pinot D'Alsace
239
Styles of wine Burgundy is known for
Elegant, silky, complex Pinot Noirs and well structured, dry Chadonnay
240
Highest ranking awarded to designated vineyards in Burgundy
Grand Cru
241
Grand Cru vineyard with over 80 owners
Clos de Vougeot
242
Plots of land that make up Burgundy based on precise boundaries of terrior
Climats
243
White and rose sparkling AOC in Burgundy using traditional method
Cremant de Bourgonge AOC
244
Generic appellation for Burgundy with 14 sub appellations
Borugogne AOC
245
AOC structure for Burgundy highest to lowest
Grand Crus AOCs (33) Villages/Commune AOCs Regional AOCs
246
Only grand cru vineyard in Cote de Beaune that produces both red and white
Corton
247
Second highest ranking awards to designated vineyards in Burgundy
Premier Cru (600+)
248
Burgundy White Grapes
Chardonnay (60% production) | Aligote (2nd most)
249
Burgundy Red Grapes
``` Pinot Noir (grown everywhere but Chablis ; DOMINATES Cote de Nuits) Gamay (small amounts in Maconnais) ```
250
Typical style of wine produced in Burgundy
100% Pinot Noir or 100% Chardonnay
251
4 growing areas of Burgundy
Chablis Cote d'Or (Cote de Nuits, Cote de Beaune) Cote Chalonnais Maconnais
252
Soil type of Chablis
Kimmeridgian Marl
253
By law, what grape is used in Chablis
Only Chardonnay
254
Chablis AOCs (3)
Chablis Grand Cru AOC (7 parcels) Chablis AOC (40 premier cru vineyards) Petit Chablis AOC (less desired land)
255
7 parcels of land: Chablis Grand Cru AOC: largest to smallest
``` Les Clois Vaudesir Bougros Blanchots Le Preuses Valmur Grenouilles ```
256
Soil type of Cote d' Or
limestone
257
Majority of production of Cote de Nuits is
90% red "spiritual home of Pinot Noir"
258
Number of Grand Cru Vineyards in Cote d' Or
33 total Cote de Nuits : 24/33 Cote de Beaune: 8/33
259
8 commune appellations of Cote de Nuits
``` Marsannay Fixin Gevrey Chambertin Morey Saint Denis Chamboille Musigny (ONLY WHITE WINE) Vougeaot Vosnee-Romaine Nuits-St. Georges ```
260
Cote de Beaunne is known for what type of wine
White! Chardonnay! However 1/2 of its plantings are Pinot Noir
261
Only grand cru allowing white wine production in Cote de Nuits
Chamboille -Musigny
262
Cote de Beaunne primary commune appellations
``` Ladoix Serrigny Aloxe Corton Pernard-Vergelesses Beaune Pommard (red only) Volnay (red only) Meursault Puligny-Montrachet Chassagne-Montrachet Ladoix-Serrigny ```
263
Grand Cru vineyard in Cote de Beaune producing red wine
Corton (also makes small amount of white)
264
Important Code de Beaune Grand Crus
``` Charlemagne Corton (RED) Corton - Chalemagne Montrachet Batard-Montrachet ```
265
Number of grand crus in Cote Chalonnaise
NONE
266
5 communal AOCs of Cote Chalonnaise
``` Rully Bouzeron (white only!) Mercury Givry Montagny ```
267
Largest commune in Cote Challonaise
Mercury
268
Commune in Cote Chalonnaise only producing white wine
Bouzeron - 100% Aligote | Kir cocktails!
269
Soil type of Maconnais
clay
270
Number of Grand Crus in Maconnais
NONE
271
Cote Chalonnaise main grape and style
Aligote ; sparkling
272
Maconnais main grapes
Mostly white: Chardonnay | Some Red: Gamay, Pinot Noir
273
Maconnais AOC only producting white wine
Macon Villages AOC
274
Macon Villages AOC has 5 communal AOCs, the two most known are
Pouilly Fuisse AOC St. Veran AOC ** CHARONNARY ONLY
275
Soil type of Beajolais and what grape is that good for
Granite ; Gamay
276
Beajolais main grape and other minor ones
98% Gamay | Others: Chardonnay, Aligote, Pinot Noir, Melon de B., Pinot Gris
277
Common winemaking technique in Beajolais
Carbonic Maceration
278
Beaujolais Noveau is released every _________ of ____________`
3rd Thursday ; November
279
Number of villages in Beaujolais that are allowed to produce wines labeled with the term " Beaujolias-Villages AOC"
38
280
3 Beaujolais crus known for making lighter styles of wine
Chiroubles Fleuries St. Amour
281
4 Beaujolais crus known for making medium to fuller styles of wine
Brouilly Cote de Bouilly Julienas Regnie
282
3 Beaujolais crus known for making age worthy styles of wine
Chenas Moulin a Vent Morgon
283
Yonne Department AOCS (3)
``` Vezelay AOC (100% chard) Irany AOC (Pinot Noir, cesar, Pinot Gris) Saint Bris AOC (Sav. Blanc, Sav. Gris) ```
284
2nd largest producer of AOC wines in France
Rhone Valley
285
2 districts of Rhone Valley
Northern Rhone | Southern Rhone
286
Northern Rhone grapes
Red: Syrah White: Viogneir, Marsanne, Roussane
287
Southern Rhone grapes
Red: Grenache (2/3) plantings, Syrah, Cariganan, Mouvedre, Cinsault White: Gerache Blanc, Clairette, Viogneir, Ugni Blanc, Rousanne, Marsanne, Muscat
288
Majority of wine produced in Rhone Valley is
Red. Only 5% white, 9% rose
289
Climactic force in Southern Rhone
Mistral Winds
290
Appellation that produces more than half of Rhone's output
Cote du Rhone AOC
291
AOC in southern Rhone that produces rose exclusively
Tavel AOC : Grenache, Cinsault
292
Northernmost appellation in Northern Rhone Valley
Cote Roite
293
Small AOC located witin the larger Condrieu AOC
Chateau Grillet
294
White wine only AOCs in Rhone Valley
Condrieu - Viognier Chateau Grillet - Viognier Saint Percy AOC - Marsanne, Rousanne
295
Soil type for Southern Rhone and Chateaneuf du Pape AOCs
Gallets
296
AOC in northern Rhone that requires wines to be 100% Syrah
Cornas
297
Region known for producing red vin doux naturel based on Grenache
Rasteau
298
White grape used to make sparkling wines with the Methode Ancestrale Dioise
Clairette
299
Sweet wine AOCs of Rhone
``` Muscat de Beaumesde Venise AOC Rasteau AOC (red: Grenache) ```
300
Southeast Rhone Valley AOCs
Clairette de Die AOC (sparkling - Methose Ancestrole Diose) Cremant de Die AOC (sparkling: Clairette, Muscat, Aligote) Coreatux de Die AOC (dry, still, 100% Clairette) Chatillon-en-Dois AOC (Chardonnary, Aligote, Gamay, Pinot Noir, Syrah)
301
6 AOCs outside of Cote du Rhone AOC
``` Ventous AOC Costieres de Nimes AOC Luberon AOC Duche d'Uze AOC Cote de Vivarais AOC Claiette de Bellegarde AOC ```
302
AOC outside of Cote du Rhone AOC requiring 100% Clairette
Clairette de Bellegarde AOC
303
Southwest France (Sud-Oeast) AOCs
Cahors AOC - MALBEC "Black wines of Cahors" Madrian AOC - Tannat Gaillac AOC Jurancon AOC
304
AOC in Southwest France that produces red wines based on Malbec
Cahors
305
White grape variety in Southwest France
Arrufiac
306
Red grape variety in Southwest France
Fer Servadou
307
AOC in Southwest France producing red wines based on Tannat
Madiran
308
Region in Southern France with the largest amount of IGP wines made there
Languedoc -Roussillon
309
Large IGP that covers the entire region of Languedoc -Roussillon
Pays d' Oc IGP
310
Large AOC that covers the entire region of Languedoc -Roussillon that requires growers to use traditional grapes. Also name the grapes
Languedoc AOC | Grenache, Syrah, Mourvedres, Cinsault, Carignan
311
AOCs in Southern France that are known for GSMs
Corbienes AOC, Minervois AOC
312
AOCs in Southern France that are red wine only
``` Fitou AOC (Grenache, Carignan) Tervasses du Larzac AOC ```
313
AOCs in Southern France that are known for vin doux naturels
Banyls AOC and Murray AOC | -Grenache, Grenache Blanc
314
Sparkling wine AOCs of Southern France
Cremant de Limoux AOC (Chardonnay) | Limoux Methode Ancestrale/Blanquette de Limous AOC: Mauzac
315
AOC producing a Christmas version of wine, Muscat del Noel, that must be bottled by 12/1 of the harvest year
Muscat de Rivesaltes AOC
316
Region that is considered the birthplace of all French wines
Province
317
Wine styles of Provence
88% rose 9% red 3.5 % white
318
Grapes of Province
Grenache, Syrah, Cinsult, Mourvedres, Tibouren
319
Oldest AOC in Languedoc
Fitou AOC
320
Area of Roussillon known for fortified wines made with Muscat
Rivesaltes
321
Best known communal AOC of Provence
Bandol AOC
322
Appellation in Provence producing 40% of all French roses
Cotes de Province AOC
323
Along with Minervois, this is one of the largest producing AOCs in Languedoc
Corbieres
324
AOC in Provence known for deep reds and hearty roses based on Mourvedre
Bandol
325
French Island with strong Italian influence
Corsica
326
Only Chateau from Graves that was rated premier cru in 1855 Classification of Bordeaux
Chateau Haut Brion
327
IGP covering Southwest France
Comte Tolosan IGP
328
Geographic features of Italy
``` Swiss Alps (north) - blocks Arctic chill Apennine Mountains (backbone of the country ; northern border) Po River - (south) Tyrrhenian Sea (west) Ionian Sea (south- Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria) ```
329
Italian Wine Law Structure (top to bottom)
DOCG (Dominazionze di Origine Controlata e Garantita) DOC (Dominazionze di Origine Controlata) - DOG+DOGG= 30% of production IGT (Indicazion Geographica Tipica) - 30% of production Vino or Vini Varietali (previously vino da tavola) -40% of production
330
If a grape is stated for vino or IGT wine of Italy, what percentage of the wine must be made from that grape
85%
331
If multiple grapes are stated for an IGT wine of Italy, what percentage of the wine must be made from those grapes
100% and must be listed in alphabetical order
332
If grape is stated for DOC wine of Italy, what percentage of the wine must be made from that grape
100%
333
Most widely planted red grape in Italy
Sangiovese
334
One of the leading white grapes of Italy known everywhere else as Ugni Blanc
Trebbiano Tuscano
335
Italy's first white wine DOGC
Romagna Albana DOCG located in Emilia Romagna
336
Italy's first red wine DOGCs
Brunello di Montalcino, Barolo, Vino Noble di Montepulcano
337
PDO Term: Central growing area
Classico
338
PDO Term: Higher Alcohol
Superiore
339
PDO Term: Longer aging requirements
Riserva
340
Region with largest quantity of DOC/DOCgs in Italy
Veneto (14 DOCGs)
341
Grapes of Venetto
White: Garaganega, Glera (Prosecco) Red: Corvina, Corvione, Rodinella International: Merlot, Cab.Sav, Cab Franc, Pinot Grigio, Pino Blanc, Chardonnay
341
Grapes of Venetto
White: Garaganega, Glera (Prosecco) Red: Corvina, Corvione, Rodinella International: Merlot, Cab.Sav, Cab Franc, Pinot Grigio, Pino Blanc, Chardonnay
342
Winemaking process that uses partially dried grapes in Northern Italy
Appassimento
343
Local name for Nebbiolo grape in Lombary
Chiavennasca
344
Term often used to refer to sweet wines made using grapes that are partially dried after harvest
Recioto
345
Traditional wine making technique that uses sediment or lees from previous batch in order to make a full bodied wine
Ripasso
346
Grape variety used in orange wines
Ribolla Gialla
347
Local name for Nebbiolo grape in some parts of Piedmont
Spanna
348
Term in Italy for producing high quality sparkling wines
Metodo classico
349
Appellations of Veneto
Amarone della Valpolicella DOCG (requires min 2 years aging and min 14% ABV) Recioto della Valpolicella DOCG Bardolino Superiore DOGC (red wine, Chiaretto roses) Soave DOC Contains Soave Superiore DOCG, Recioto Soave DOCG) Prosecco DOGC (contains Conegliano Valdobiadene Prosecco DOCG, Asolo Prosecco (Colli Asolani) DOCG) Lugana DOC Piave DOC Lison DOCG
350
Grape requirements of Soave DOC
Min 70% Garanega and can blend with Trebbiano di Soave (Verdichio) and/or Chardonnay
351
Grape requirements Prosecco DOC
Min 85% Glera
352
Number of DOGCs and percentage of DOC in Tretino Alto Adige (Suditrol)
NO DOCGS | 80% of wine is DOC
353
Alternative name for the Trentino Alto Adige region
Suditrol
354
A DOC located in Fruili-Venezia Giulia known for making white blends as well as orange wines
Collio Gorziano
355
High alcohol wine made from partially dried Nebbiolo grapes
Sforzato
356
2nd highest producer of DOC/DOCG wines in Italy ; has highest number of DOC wines in Italy
Piedmont | Has 18 DOCGs
357
Piedmont grape varieties
Red: Nebbiolo, Barbera (most planted) White: Moscato, Arneis, Cortese
358
Piedmont's DOCGs that are Nebbiolo based
``` Barolo DOCG Barbaresco DOCG Gattinara DOCG (Nebbiolo AKA Spanna) Ghemme DOCG (Nebbiolo AKA Spanna) Roero DOCG (Nebiolo and Arneis) ```
359
Barolo DOCG requirements
100% Nebbiolo Min 38 months aging Reserva - min 62 months aging
360
Barbaresco DOCG requirement
100% Nebbiolo Min 26 months aging Reserva - min 50 months aging
361
Barbera based DOCGs of Piedmont
``` Barbera d' Asti DOCG (MIN 90%) Nizza DOCG (100% Barbera, min 18 months aging ; 30 for riserva) ```
362
Brachetto based DOCG of Piedmont that makes Frizzante
Aqui or Brachetto d' Aqui DOCG
363
Moscato based DOCG in Piedmont producing spumante with the metodo classico
Asti DOCG
364
Moscato based DOCG in Piedmont producing frizzante with the partial fermentation
Moscato d"Asti DOCG
365
Cotese based DOCG
Gavi DOCG
366
Region in Lombardy known for producing red wines using Nebbiolo
Vatellina
367
DOCG for sparkling wines in Lombardy
Franciacorta
368
Blanc de Blanc sparkling wine produced in Lombardy
Saten
369
Large DOC in Piedmont that covers many smaller regions including Barolo, Barbaresco, Roero
Langhe
370
Vattellina Superiore DOCG in Lombardy's 5 subzones
``` Gromello Inferno Morrgala Sassella Valgella ```
371
Aging requirements of Franciacorta DOCG
Non Vintage: 18 months on lees Vintage: 30 months on lees Riserva: 60 months on lees Saten: Blanc de blanc ; 24 months on lees **All aging on lees begins Feb. 1 of the year following the harvest
372
Red grape of Emilia Romagna
Lambrusco
373
Tuscan soil type
Galestro soils
374
Tuscan grapes
Red: Sangiovese, Canaiolo Nero, Colorino, and int. varieties White: Terbbiano, Malvasia, Vernaccia, and int. varieties
375
Tuscan wine produced in and around the village of Montelpulciano
Vino Noble
376
Term created in response to the fact of 100% Sangiovese wines made in the Chianti region once had to be categorized as vino da tavola
Super Tuscan
377
Percentage of red wine output in Tuscany
90%
378
Ancient winemaking technique that involves the addition of overripe grapes to a vat of new wine as it is finishing fermentation
Governo
379
Sweet wine made in Tuscany (and other areas) using dried grapes and extensive aging
Vin Santo
380
Town known as birthplace for super Tuscan movement
Bolgheri
381
Original super tuscan produced by Tenuta San Guido
Sassicaia
382
Chianti DOCG must what _______ % of Sangiovese
70%
383
Chianti Classico DOCG must what _______ % of Sangiovese
80%
384
7 subzones of Chianti DOCG
``` Colli Aretini Colli Fiorentin Colli Senesi Colline Pisone Mantalbano Montespertoli Rufina ```
385
Classification that was approved by the Chianti Classico Consortium in 2014 for use with high quality wine produced exclusively from estate grown grapes
Chianti Classico Gran Selezione
386
Tuscany's only white wine DOCG
Vernaccia de San Gimignano DOCG
387
Tuscan wine that must be produced using 10 to 20% Cab Sav or Cab Franc
Camignano (must be min 50% Sangiovese)
388
Term used for Sangiovese grape variety in the region of Scansano
Morellino - must be min 85%
389
local name for Sangiovese grape variety as it is used in Rosso de Montepulciano
Prugnolo Gentile
390
Requirements of wine produced in Brunello di Montalcino DOCG
100% Sangiovese AKA Brunello Min 4 years aged (2 in wood; 4 months in bottle) May not be released until Jan. 1 following the harvest *Riserva min 5 aged (min 6 months in bottle)
391
Est! Est! Est! is a well know wine produced where
Lazio: Est! Est! Est! Di Montefiascone DOC
392
Torgiano Rossa Reserva is a DOCG wine produced where and what are the grape requirements
Umbria ; 70% Sangiovese
393
Leading grapes of Abruzzo
W: Trebbiano R: Montelpicaino
394
Red wine made with 100% Sagrintino grapes prdouced in Umbria
Umbria: Montefalco Sagrantino DOCG
395
A leading white wine produced by a DOC in Umbria with Grechetto and Trebbiano
Orveito DOC
396
Local name for Trebbiano grape in Orveito DOC
Procanico
397
Conero DOCG is a red wine made with Montelpulciano and Sangiovese - produced where
Marches
398
Leading grapes of Campania
R: Aglianico W: Fiano, Greco, Falanghina
399
DOC in Campania producing red, white, rosato, spumante, and liquoroso
Vesuvio Traditional Lacryma Cristi Del Vesuvio DOC
400
Red wine DOCGs of Campania
``` Taurasi DOCG (Aglianico) Aglianico del Taburno DOCG ```
401
White wine DOCGs of Campania
Fiano d' Avellino DOCG | Freco di Tufo DOCG
402
Only DOCG wine produced in Sicily
Cerasvolo di Vittoria
403
Region that can be described as the toe of the boot on Italy's peninsula
Calabria
404
Red grape used to produce a sweet, late harvest DOCG wine in Manduria (Puglia)
Primativo
405
DOC of Calabria; red version is made using Gaglioppo grape
Ciro DOC
406
Copper colored dessert wine made with dried grapes in Calabria
Grecco di Bianco
407
Boldy flavored red DOCG wine in Campania
Taurasi
408
Red grape variety used in the wines of Salice Salentino DOC
Negroarmaro
409
Marsala DOC grapes
Cattarratto, Grillo, Inzolia
410
Main grape used in Cerasuolo di Vittoria
Nero d' Avola
411
Aging requirements of Marsala Vergine/Marsala Solera
Aged in Solera for min 5 years
412
Aging requirements of Marsala Vergine Stravecchio
Min 10 years in cask
413
Grapes of Sardinia
W: Vermintino R: Cannanau AKA Grenache
414
Sardinia's one DOCG
Vermintino di Gallura DOCG
415
Lightly sparkling wine produced in Piedmont
Brachetto D' Acqui
416
Wine region surrounding the city of Naples
Campania
417
DOC that extends from Veneto into Fruili-Venezia Giulia
Lison - Pramaggiore
418
DOCG surrounding the town of Asolo
Prosecco
419
Country with the largest grape acreage in the world
Spain (most for brandy)
420
Most widely planted grape in Spain
Airen
421
Main grape variety in Rias Baixas
Albarino
422
Synonym for Tempranillo in Cataloina
Ull de Llebre
423
Synonym for Tempranillo in Ribera del Duero
Tinta del Pais
424
Synonym for Tempranillo in Portugal
Aragonez
425
Synonym for Tempranillo in La Mancha
Cencibel
426
Synonym for Viura grape
Macabeo
427
Red grapes of Spain
Tempranillo!! Garancha, Monastrel (Mouvedre in FR)
428
White grapes of Spain
Airen!! Albarino, Macabo, Xarel-lo, Parallada (Cava), Pedro Ximenez, Palomino (Sherry)
429
Spain: Term for PGI/PDO wine that has spent min 18 months in barricas or in the bottle
vino noble
430
Spain: Term for PGI/PDO wine that has spent min 24 months in barricas or in the bottle
vino anejo
431
Spain: Term for PGI/PDO wine that has spent min 36 months aging in a strongly oxidative environment and exposed to any combination of light, oxygen, and heat
Vino Viejo
432
Term that may be used for PDO wine released the year after it was made, or aged for a shorter period of time than the minimum required for Crianza
Joven or Generico
433
Spain: PDO wine aging requirements for red and white wine: Crianza
Red: 24 total months, 6 months in barrel | White/Rose: 18 total months, 6 months in barrel
434
Spain: PDO wine aging requirements for red and white wine: Reserva
Red: 36 total months, 12 months in barrel | White/Rose: 24 total months, 6 months in barrel
435
Spain: PDO wine aging requirements for red and white wine: Gran Reserva
Red: 60 total months, 18 months in barrel | White/Rose: 48 total months, 6 months in barrel
436
Spain's Quality Wine Structure low to high
Vino de Mesa/Vino Vino de la Tierra (PGI) Vinos de Calidad con Indicacion Geografica (VCIG - 7 regions) Denominancion de Origen (DO - 68) Denominaccian de Origin Calificada (DOCa - only 2)
437
2 DOCa in Spain
Rioja and Priorat
438
Spain: Estate wine, single vineyards of distinction
Vins de pago
439
DO in Galicia made of up 5 discontinuous subregions. Know for dry, fragrant high acid wines made with Albarino, Loureira, Trexidura
Rias Baixas DO
440
DO known for white wines based on the Verdejo grape
Reuda
441
Region known for Mencia based red wines
Bierzo
442
Region in Duero Valley with some of the highest elevation vineyards in Spain
Ribera del Duero DO
443
DO - located just to the north of the Riaja DOCa - historically known for rosados
Navarra DO
444
DO famous for Garancha based wines and llicorella soils
Priorat
445
Area located in NW corner of Spain AKA "Green Spain"
Galicia
446
Galician region known for Godello based white wines
Valdeorras
447
DO well known as one of the first areas in Spain to modernize wine production and use stainless
Penedes
448
DO west of Ribera el Duero known for reds and rosados based on Tinta del Pais and Garancha
Cigales
449
Do in the foothills of the Pyrenees within the region of Aragon
Somontano
450
DOCa that was first designated as DO in 1925 and then elevated do DOCa in 1991
Rioja DOCa
451
River valley where the Rioja region is located
Ebro
452
High altitude sub region of Rioja south of the Ebro River
Rioja Alta
453
Subregion of Rioja located on western side, north of the Ebro River
Rioja Alavesa
454
Flatter, eastern subregion of Rioja
Rioja Oriental (previously Rioja Baja)
455
Wine style of Rioja
90% RED
456
Main grapes of Rioja
Tempranillo! Garancha, Mazuelo (Carignan), Graciano
457
Main grape in white Rioja
Viura (macabeo)
458
Rioja aging requirements for red and white: Crianza
Red: 24 months total, 12 on oak | White/Rosado: 19 months total, 6 on oak
459
Rioja aging requirements for red and white: Reserva
Red: 36 months total, 12 on oak, 6 in bottle | White/Rosado: 24 months total, 6 on oak
460
Rioja aging requirements for red and white: Gran Reserva
Red: 60 months total, 24 on oak, 24 in bottle | White/Rosado: 48 months total, 6 on oak
461
Only DO in Spain to cover an entire autonomous region. Largest producer of quality wine in Spain
Catalonia DO (contains Priorat DOCa)
462
DO in Spain known for producing full bodied, aromatic white wines (75%of production)
Taragona DO
463
Spiritual home of Cava
Penedes DO
464
Method used for Cava production
Traditional
465
What type of soil type is ideal for grapes used in production of Cava
Chalk
466
Majority of Cava is produced where
Catalonia
467
Three classic grapes for Cava production
Macabeo, Xarel-lo, Parellada (ALL WHITE)
468
Wine label for Cava meaning it must be traceable from vineyard to the bottle
Cava de Guarda
469
Cava de Guarda Superior requirements
Vines must be 10 years old. Grapes must be organic
470
Sparkling wine requiring the use of historic grapes that is not a protected GI, but is recognized by the EU and has its own set of standards. Must be hand harvested and organic.
Corpinnat
471
Cava Aging Requirement
9 months on lees ; any sweetness level
472
Cava Reserva/ Cava de Guard Superior Aging Requirement
18 months on lees ; brut or drier
473
Cava Gran Reserva Aging Requirement
30 months on lees ; brut or drier
474
Cava de Paraje Calificado Aging Requirement
36 months on lees ; single estate ; brut or drier
475
Area in Spain with more vinos de pago than any other area
Castilla-La Mancha
476
Geographic feature: Spain: large plateau
Meseta
477
Area in Spain located in the central Meseta with 12 Vin de Pagos
Castilla-La-Mancha
478
DO located in Castilla-La-Mancha "Valley of the rocks"
Valdepenas DO
479
3 DOs of Murica
Jumilla Yecla Bullas
480
White chalky soil ideal for growing Palomino grapes
Albariza
481
Clay soil preferred by Pedro Ximenex grapes
Barro
482
Sandy soil good for growing Moscatel grapes
Arena
483
3 cities that form the Sherry Triangle
Jerez del a Frontera Sanlucar de Barromeda El Puerto de Santa Maria
484
4 Styles of Sherry Production
Fino Style Sherry (with flor) Oloroso Style Sherry (rancio) Hybrid Style Sherry (begins as fino, flor dies, oxidative aging in solera) Dried Grape Sherry
485
Process in dried grape sherry production where grapes are dried on straw mats
Soleo
486
4 types of Fino Sherry
1. Fino (Palomino ; 15% ABV) 2. Puerto Fino (light, crisp, salty - from El Puero de Santa Maria) 3. Montanila (briney - has own DO! - from San Lucar de Barromeda) 4. Pale Cream - Sweetened - originally from Bristol)
487
2 types of Oloroso Sherry
1. Oloroso (Palomino base, no flor) | 2. Cream (sweetened)
488
2 types of hybrid sherry
1. Amontillado (starts as fino, finished as oloroso - nutty) | 2. Pale Cortado (lower alcohol, flor doesn't develop as expected)
489
Dried sherry grapes and where they are sourced from
Pedro Ximenez or Moscatel | Sourced from Montilla-Moriles
490
Fino sherry that must be aged in Sanlucar de Barrameda
Manzanilla
491
Sherry age classifications
Vinos con Indicacion de Edad (sherry with age indication - lower glass ; 12-15 years: Vinos de Vejez Calificada (sherry with certain age) 1. VOS (min 20 years solera) 2. VORS (min 30 years solera)
492
Rare, unfiltered, old tradition sherry
En Rama
493
German name for Pino Gris
Grauburgunder
494
German name for Pinot Blanc
Weissburgunder
495
Most widely planted grape in Germany, AKA Pinot Noir
Spatburgunder
496
Most widely planted grape in Germany
Riesling
497
Category of German POD wines that allow for chaptalization. Lower level
Qualitatswein
498
Category of German POD wines that does NOT allow for chaptalization. "Quality wine with attributes"
Pradikatswein
499
German term for botrytis
Edelfaule
500
Single variety rose at Qualitatswein level
Weissherbt
501
Germany: Sparkling wine: tank method, off dry or semi sweet
Sekt
502
Germany: Sparkling wine: aerated
Schawumwein (foam wine)
503
How are German wines categorized
geographic location and ripeness at harvest
504
German wine category that contains what used to be known as "Landwein"
ggA
505
German term: dry
trocken
506
German term: off dry
Halbtrocken
507
Lowest level of ripeness of the German Pradikat
Kabinett
508
Wines of additional ripeness made from grapes picked after a designated date. "Late harvest"
Spatlese
509
"Selected harvest" Wines made with grapes that have reached a required level of sugar
Auslese
510
"Selected berries" sweet wines that may be affected by botrytis
Beerenaulese (BA)
511
Wines made from frozen grapes
Eicewien
512
Wines made from individually picked over ripe berries that are often affected by botrytis
Trockenbeerenauslese (TBA)
513
Germany has 13 of these designated wine regions
Anbaugebiete
514
Equal to regional or district appellation - Germany has ~40
Bereiche
515
Equivalent to large grouping of closely related vineyards, ~ 160 in Germany
Grosslagen
516
This area may contain a single vineyard or small group of vineyards. Germany has ~2700
Einzellagen
517
VDP term used to indicate that a wine was made from the high level vineyards of an estate. "great site"
Grosse Lage
518
6 subcategories of German Pradikatswein
``` `Kabinett Spatlese Auslese Beerenaulese Eiswein Trockenbeerenauslese ```
519
Unfermented grape juice that is sometimes used to increase the sweetness of the wine
Sussreserve
520
VDP term used to indicate the a wine is made from the second highest level vineyards of an estate. "first site"
Estre Lage
521
German label term: Indicates semi sweet wine
Lieblich
522
German label term: not legally defined, refers to off dry wine
Feinherb
523
German label term: estate bottled wine
Gutsabfullung
524
German label term: indicates wine produced by commercial winery from purchased grapes
Abfuller
525
German label term: indicates a producer bottled wine made by grower co-ops
Erzeugerabfullung
526
German GI from largest to smallest
Anbaugebete Bereiche Grosslagen Einzellagen
527
German VDP (terrior driven) classifications lowest to highest
VDP Gutswein "estate wine or regional" VDP Ortswein "classified site" VDP Estre Lage "first site" VDP Grosse Lage "great site"
528
Region known for blue slate soils, steep slopes, and excellent Riesling
Mosel
529
Region with most Einzellagen (500+)
Mosel
530
Region near city of Wiesbaden known for red slate soils. Only produces 2% of German wine but has an excellent reputation
Rheingau
531
Rheingau's one Bereiche
Johannisberg
532
Largest wine region of Germany in terms of both area under vine and wine production
Rheinhessen
533
German region sometimes referred to as Palatinate that makes 1/4 of all Rieslings in Germany
Pfalz
534
Wines from this region are often packed in a flask shaped Bocksbeutel. They make everyday white wines with Muller Thurgau and Silvaner
Franken
535
Large region focusing on red wine including Trollinger, Schwarzriesling (Pinot Meunier) and Lemberger
Wuttemberg
536
Regional home of Kaiserstuhl Bereich, noted for warm weather. This is the largest wine region in Germany in terms of ground area, but only a small portion is planted with grapes
Baden
537
Region planted to over 80% red grapes and specializing in Spatburgunder despite being located on the 50th parallel
Ahr
538
Former east Germany wine region
Sachsen
539
Red grapes of Portugal
``` Touriga Nacional Touriga Franca Tinta Roriz Castelao (Perquita) Baga Trincadeira (Tinta Amarela) ```
540
Primary red grape used in Port ; provides structure and black fruit flavors
Touriga Nacional
541
Portugal's most widely grown white grape variety
Ferna Pires (AKA Maria Gomez)
542
Highly tannic red grape used in red wines of Bairrada DOC
Baga
543
Red grape variety AKA Periquita
Castelao
544
White grape grown in Vinho Verde region, also star of Spain's Rias Baixas DO
Alvarinho
545
White grape used in sweet style of Madeira, where it is AKA Malmsey
Malvasia
546
Red grape known as Tina Amarela
Trincaderia
547
Predominant white grape used in port
Gouveio
548
Primary red grape used in port that lends floral notes
Touriga Franca
549
Coolest, wettest region in Portugal. 2nd largest vineyard acreage after Porto DOC. Vinho Verde is produced here
Minho
550
Two main grape varieties in white Vinho Verde
Loureiro | Alvarinho
551
Main grape variety in red Vinho Verde
Vinhao
552
This DOC, located south of Minho region, produces many styles but focuses on complex, full bodied reds
DAO
553
3 subregions of Douro: west to east
``` Baixo Corgo (lighter port) Cima Corgo (finest ports ; 1/2 port acreage) Douro Superior (largest subzone) ```
554
One of the first demarcated wine regions in the world (1756). Very rugged and remote.
Douro
555
5 preferred red grapes of Port production
``` Touriga Nacional Touriga Franca Tinta Roriz Tinta Barroca Tinta Cao ```
556
2 preferred white grapes of Port production
Malvasia | Gouveio
557
Island chain producing wine located 1000 miles off west coast of Portugal
Azores
558
Single variety tawny port
Colheita Port
559
Simplest style port; aged in large oak vats for 2 years before being bottles
Ruby Port
560
Region of Setubal is know for what wine
Moscatel de Setubal
561
Port produced using wine from a singe year, matured in large oak casks for 4-6 years after harvest
Late bottled vintage port
562
Vineyard grading system for port production
Cadastro (goes from A(best) to F(worst))
563
When is Port fortified
DURING fermentation
564
Finest Madeiras are made using this method where Madeira is stored in the rafters of a warm building and allowed to aged for several years
Canteiro (2 year min) | *Vinho de Canterio (3 year min)
565
4 noble grapes of Maderia
Sercial Verdelho Boal Malvasia
566
Dry styles of Madeira are made from these grapes
Sercial, Verdelho, Tinta Negra
567
Sweet styles of Madeira are made from these grapes
Boal Malvasia Tinta Negra
568
Most planted grape on the island of Madeira
Tinta Negramole
569
This method of production leaves Madeira in concrete or stainless steel vats that are heated via hot water for several months
Estufagem (has 2 sub methods: Cuba de Calor (most common) and Armazem de Calor (gentle))
570
4 styles of Madeira
Sercial (extra dry/dry) Verdelho (off dry/med dry) Boal (raisiny/sweet) Malmsey (very sweet/rich)
571
Majority of Austrian vineyards are in these 3 states:
Niederosterreich (lower Austria) Burgenland Steirmark (Styria)
572
Percentage of white wine production in Austria
66%
573
Portion of Austria's land planted with Gruner Veltliner
1/3
574
Grape Cross: Riesling X Madeleine Royale
Muller-Thurgau
575
Austrian alternative name for Chardonnay
Morillon
576
Most widely planted red grape in Austria
Zweigelt
577
Austrian red grape also known as Lemberger or Kekfrankos
Blaufrankisch
578
Austrian wine lines are broken down by
geographic location and ripeness at harvest
579
What is the lowest level of the Austrian Pradikat and how is this different from Germany
Spatlese is the lowest level of Austrian Pradikat. Kabinett is lowest level in Germany, but Kabinett is under Qualitatswein in Austria
580
Many of Austria's quality wine subregions are classified as __________ and have strict AOC-like regulations based on terroir.
DAC (Districtus Austraie Contollatus)
581
Terms used for Austrian wine produced using dried grapes
Strohwein ; schlifwein
582
Austria: "mountain wine" must be grown on 26% gradient slopes
Bergwein
583
Largest wine region in Austria in terms of geographical area and vineyard plantings
Niederosterreich (lower Austria)
584
Weinviertel DAV wines are produced using 100% of what grape
Gruner Veltliner
585
Pink skinned grape grown in Wagram area
Roter Veltliner
586
Wachau DAC further defines wine labels by increasing ripeness for dryness on palate. List from light - full
Steinfinder (light) Federspiel (classic, midweight) Smarasd (full)
587
This DAC, located within the larger Leithaberg region is approved for production of sweet, botrytis affected white wines
Ruster Ausbruch
588
DAC known for production of Schilcher rose
Wetsteirmark DAC
589
Schilcher grape variety AKA
Blauer Wildbacher
590
In Austria's Wachau DAC, designated vineyards are referred to as
Rieden
591
Mitteelburdenand DAC produces red wine based on
Blaufrankisch
592
City of Vienna lies on what river
Danube
593
Only EU capital to have PDO wine within its city limits
Vienna (WEIN)
594
Seasonal wine taverns around the vineyards of Vienna
Heurigen
595
Wines made from different grapes that are fermented all together
Gemischter Satz ** Germischter Satz DAC requires min 3 grape varietals
596
Signature grape of Hungary
Furmint
597
% of white wine production in Hungary
70%
598
Dessert wine produced in northern Hungary from Furmint and Harslevelu grapes
Tokaji Aszu
599
Leading white grape of Switzerland
Chasselas
600
Hungarian red wine traditionally known as bull's blood
Egri Bikaver
601
Home of Novy Svet Winery
Crimea
602
Nebbiolo X Syrah
Rubin
603
Red grapes of Greece
Xinomavro (Macedonia), Agiorittiko (Peloponnese), Mavrodaphne
604
White grapes of Greece
Morschoflero, Assyrtiko, Muscat, Athiri, Roditis
605
2 quality wine designations of Greece
OPE (SWEET) | OPAP (Dry, not fortified)
606
Traditional Greek wine flavored with resin
Retsina
607
Red grape of Naoussa OPAP
Xinomarvo
608
Largest red wine appellation in Greece and its leading red grape
Nemea OPAP; Agiorgtiko AKA St. George's grape
609
High acid white grape from Santotini
Assyrtiko
610
Basket style vine training in Greece
Stefani
611
Dessert specialty wine in Santorini
vinsanto
612
USA: Prohibition years
1920-1933
613
Paris Tasting Year
1976
614
USA - Alcohol variance rules
If ABV is less than 14% can say table wine If <14% = 1.5 % variance is okay If >14% = 1.0 % variance is okay
615
USA Wine Label Laws: If state or country is labeled what percentage must be from stated location
75% | ** EXCEPTION CA & OR = 100% ; WA = 95%
616
USA Wine Label Laws: If grape is labeled what percentage must be from stated grape
75% **EXCEPTION: OR requires 90% for Chardonnay and Pinot Noir Native American grapes - 51%
617
USA Wine Label Laws: If AVA is labeled what percentage must be from stated AVA
85% | **EXCEPTION: OR requires 95%
618
USA Wine Label Laws: If vineyard is labeled what percentage must be from stated vineyard
95%
619
USA Wine Label Laws: If vintage is labeled what percentage must be from stated vinate
85% | **EXCEPTION: If AVA and vintage is listed, must be 95%
620
Term for wines produced in the style and with the grape varieties of Bordeaux
Meritage - no one grape can account for 90% + of the blend
621
Number of AVAs in California
142
622
5 broad super AVAS
``` North Coast AVA Sierra foothills AVA San Francisco Bay AVA Central Coast AVA South Coast AVA ```
623
Leading red and white grape of Napa County
Cab. Sav (3/4 production) | Chardonnay
624
Russian River Valley AVA red grape
Pinot Noir
625
Napa Valley location
North Coast AVA | East is Vaca Mtns, West is Mayacama Mtns
626
This bay provides morning fog influence in Napa
San Pablo Bay
627
Number of Napa Valley AVAs
17 (Napa AVA + 16 sub AVAs) - broken into valley floor and mountain Avas
628
NAPA Valley Floor AVAs
``` Calistoga St Helena Rutherford Oakville Yountville Stags Leap District Chiles Valley Oak Knoll District of Napa Valley Coomsbille Carneros Wild Horst Valley ```
629
NAPA Valley Mountain AVAs
``` Mount Vedeer Diamond Mountain Spring Mountain Howell Mountain Atlas Peak ```
630
AVA shared between Napa and Sonoma counties
Los Coneros
631
AVA shared between Napa and Solano counties
Wild Horse Valley
632
AVA shared between Sonoma and Marin counties
Peteluma Gap
633
Smallest AVA in US
Cole Ranch
634
Only elevation specific AVA of Napa
Howell Mountain
635
This person planted quality vinifera in sonoma county in the 1860s
Agoston Haraszty
636
Sonoma County Grapes
``` Chardonnay (80% white wine) Pinot Noir (2/3 production) ```
637
Mendincino Country AVA known for sparkling wines
Anderson valley
638
AVA referred to as "island in the sky"
Mendocino Ridge
639
18 AVAS of Sonoma
``` Sonoma Valley Bennet Valley Sonoma Mountain Moon Mountain Los Coneros Fountain Grove District Russian River Valley Green Valley of Russian River Petaluma Gap Chalk hill Dry Creek Valley Alexander Valley Knights Valley Rockpile Northern Sonoma Sonoma Coast Fort Ross Sea View Pine Mt. Coverdeal Peak ```
640
AVA shared between Mendocino and Sonoma
Pine Mountain of Colerdale Peak AVA
641
Napa AVA noted for "dust"
Rutherford
642
Napa AVA located east of the valley floor that extends into the Vaca Mountains
Chiles Valley
643
One of the oldest lakes and largest geothermal fields in the US
Clear Lake
644
Lake County grapes
Red: Cab Sav, Merlot White: Sav. Blanc, Chardonnay
645
Central coast AVA extends from _______ to_______
San Francisco to Santa Barbara
646
Central Coast AVA grapes
Chardonnay and Pinot Noir
647
Major counties in Central Coast AVA
Monterrey County San Luis Obispo County Santa Barbara County
648
County that produces nearly 20% of CA Chardonnay
Monterey
649
Monterey County sub AVAs known for Cab. Sav and Rhone Varietals
San Lucas, Hames Valley
650
Monterey County's cool climate sub AVAs are down for which grapes
WHITE: Chardonnay, Riesling, Pinot Blanc, Pinot Grigio RED: Pinot Noir
651
San Luis Obipso County AVAS
Paso Robles AVAs + 11 sub AVAs
652
San Luis Obipso County grapes
RED: Bordeaux, Rhone varietals and Zinfadel
653
San Luis Obipso County cool climate AVA
Edna Valley
654
Northernmost AVA in Santa Barbara County and its grapes
Santa Maria Valley - Chardonnay, Pinot Noir
655
largest AVA in Santa Barbara County and its 4 sub avas
Santa Ynez Valley AVA ``` SUB AVAS: Ballard Canyon Los Olivos District St. Rita Hilla Happy Canyon of Santa Barbara ```
656
Area planted with 55% of CA grape acreage but is NOT an AVA
Central Valley
657
AVA located in Centra Valley and it's 7 sub AVAs
LODI AVA ``` SUB: Alta Mesa Borden Ranch Clements Hills Cosumnes River Jahant Sloughouse Mokelupe River ```
658
Lodi AVA is known for these grapes
RED: Old vine zin, Petit Syrah, Cab. Sav, Rhone, Spanish, and Italian varieties WHITE: Viognier
659
Sierra Foothills AVA grape
Zinfandel
660
Sierra foothills 5 AVAs
``` CA Shenandoah Valley AVA Fiddletown AVA Fairplay AVA El dorado AVA Worth Yuba AVA ```
661
Birthplace of the CA wine industry
South Coast AVA
662
First commercial winery in CA was established in the 1820's in this AVA
South Coast AVA
663
This person brought Bordeaux varietals to South Coast AVA in 1830s
Jean Louis Vigne
664
South Coast Sub AVA using Viognier, Zinfandel, Cab Sab
Temecula AVA
665
Second largest producer of wine in the US
Washington state
666
Washington State grapes
70+ grapes planted with 50/50 split between red and white Leading RED: Cab Sav, Merlot, Syrah WHITE: Riesling, Chardonnay
667
Geographic feature in WA that creates a rain shadown
Cascades
668
Washington State - Columbia Valley AVA Sub AVAs
``` Columbia Valley Lake Chelan Wahluke Slope White Bluff Nanches Heights The Burn of Columbia Valley Horse Heaven Hills Ancient Lakes of Col. Valley Royal Slope AVA Walla Walla Valley AVA Columbia Gorge AVA Lewis Clark Valley AVA ```
669
Washington State - Yakima Valley AVA Sub AVAs
``` Rattlesnake hills Red Mountain Snipes Mountain Candy Mountain Goose Gap ```
670
Number of AVAs in Washington State
19
671
Only AVA in WA West of the Cascades. Less than 1% of states production.
Puget Sound AVA
672
WA state's first appellation with a third of WA vineyards. Focuses mostly on Chardonnay
Yakima Valley AVA
673
AVA shared between Washington state and Idaho. Eastern most WA AVA
Lewis Clark Valley AVA
674
State law requires that any wine using WA appellation must be _____% WA grape
95
675
WA AVA that is one of the largest in the country, encompasses most of WA vineyard area
Columbia Valley
676
This AVA is shared with OR and is located where the Columbia River cuts a narrow passage though the Cascade Mountains
Columbia Gorge AVA
677
This WA AVA experiences "lake effect" which reduces frost risk and moderates temperatures
Lake Chelan AVA
678
This WA AVA is known for a deep layer of lakebed sediment known as the Ringold Formation
White Bluff AVA
679
One of the warmest, driest WA AVAs that focuses on Merlot, Cab. Sav. and Syrah. ~15% WA Production
Wahluke Slope AVA
680
This WA AVA has clay soils that help retain water and focuses on Pinot Grigio, Riesling, and Syrah
Naches Heights AVA
681
AVA named for numerous pot hole lakes formed by the Missoula Floods
Ancient Lakes of Columbia Valley AVA
682
This WA AVA is shared with OR and was planted by Italian immigrants. It is focused on Cab Sav but has other varieties
Walla Walla Valley AVA
683
3 UC Davis Grads that pioneers the OR wine industry
David Lett, Charles Coury, DIck Erath
684
Three types of wine that OR has gained acclaim for
Pinot Noir, Pinot Gris, Riesling
685
Top Burgundy Producer who opened a wine estate in OR in 1988 and the name of the winery
Maison Joseph Drouhin ; Domain Drouhin
686
3 AVAs that straddle OR and WA border
Columbia Gorge, Columbia Valley, Walla Walla Valley
687
This AVA, an hour south of Portland, is home to 75% of OR vineyards
Willamette Valley
688
This tiny AVA is located on the OR side of the Walla Walla Valley (shared with WA)
Rocks District of Milton Freewater
689
This AVA combines Rogue Valley and Umpqua Valley AVAs which are both warmer AVAs focusing on Cab. Sav, Merlot, and Syrah
Southern Oregon
690
The Rogue Valley's one Sub AVA
Applegate Valley AVA
691
OR Grapes
RED: Pinot Noir (62%) WHITE: Pinot Gris, Chard., Riesling
692
OR LAW: If one of the 18 key varieties is stated on the label, it must contain ___% of states grape
90
693
Number of AVAs in OR
22
694
Willamette Valley AVA contains 75% of OR vineyards - name the 10 sub AVAs
``` Dundee Hills Ribbon Ridge Eola Amity Hills Van Duzer Coorider McMinnvile Yamhill-Carlton District Chahelem Mountains Laurelward District Tualatin Hills Lower Long Tom ```
695
Two Sub AVAS of Umqua Valley
Elkton OR | Red Hill Doughlas Co.
696
This OR AVA is shared with Idaho and focuses on Cab Sav, Merlot, Syrah, Chard., Riesling
Snake River Valley AVA
697
New York's __________ AVA and its 2 Sub AVAS__________ and_________ account for over 85% of the states production
Finger Lakes Seneca Lake Cayuga Lake
698
Viticulturalist from Russia who is credited with planting vinifera grapes in the cold climate of NY
Dr. Konstantin Frank
699
Main grapes of NY's Finger Lakes AVA
Cab Franc, Riesling
700
This AVA is located 2 hours east of NYC and has these 2 subappellations that focus on Bordeaux blends and single varietal Merlot and Chardonnay
Long Island AVA North Fork of Long Island AVA The Hamptons AVA
701
The Brotherhood winery is located in this AVA located north of NYC
Hudson River Region AVA
702
The Hudson River AVA contains the oldest vineyards in the US called
Benmarl Vineyards
703
Wine laws of Ontario are defined by an appellation and quality control system known as
VQA - Vitner's Quality Alliance
704
British Columbia has these two standards of quality
BC VQA & Wines of Marked Quality
705
Most of Canada's wine grapes are gown here
Great Lakes in Provence of Ontario
706
This appellation has the most vineyards in Ontario
Niagara Peninsula
707
A ridge of long cliffs that has a major effect on the climate of the Niagara Peninsula region giving the area a large range of microclimates
Niagara Escarpment
708
Grapes of Ontario
Chardonnay, Riesling, Cab Franc | ICE WINE!
709
Premier grape growing area in BC found east of the Coast Range
Okanagan Valley
710
Grapes of BC
Merlot, Pinot Noir, Pinot Gris, Chardonnay
711
90% of modern wine in Mexico is produced here
Valle de Guadelupe (located near the city of Ensenada) in Baja California Region
712
This winery, located in the Mexican state of Coahuila is one of the older wineries in N. America
Cas Madero
713
Mexico's leading grapes
WHITE: Chenin Blanc! Chard, Sav. Blanc, Viogner RED: Cab Sav! Malbec! Tempranillo! Merlot, Grenache, Barbera, Syrah
714
High altitude vineyards of Argentina are often affected by these fierce winds
Zonda
715
Weather threat in Argentina during harvest time
hailstorms
716
Leading grape of Argentina
Malbec (inky black. blackberry, plum)
717
Argentina's leading white grape which has recently been determined to be 3 distinct varieties
Torrontes
718
This mountain range creates a rain shadow and helps with irrigation from snow melt in Argentina
Andes
719
Grape in Argentina used for fortified wines
Pedro Gimenez
720
Argentina's 2 DOC wine areas
Lujan de Cuyo | San Rafael
721
Argentina's Quality Structure Low to High
IP - Indication de Procedencia (table/regional wines) IG - Indication geografica DOC - denominacion de origen controlada (highest)
722
Argentina's wine laws are regulated by
INV (Institudo Nacional de Viticultual) and local consejo (council)
723
In Argentina Reserva and Grand Reserva are only allowed for
Vinos Finos Reserva: W: 6 mo ; R: 1 year Grand Reserva: W: 1 year ; R: 2 year
724
Northern Regions of Argentina
Jujuy Salta Catamara Tucuman
725
Central Regions of Argentina
La Rioja San Juan Mendoza (5 sub regions: Uco Valley, Primera Zona, Northern Oasis, East Mendoza, South Mendoza)
726
Home of the ultra high elevation Moya Vineyard
Jujuy
727
Province known for high-altitude Torrentes Riojano that has two subregions. Name the Province and subregions
Salta: Cafayate and Molinos
728
Provence in the northern region of Argentina known for the Criolla grape
Catamara
729
Provence in Northern region of Argentina that contains the Calchaqui Vallely
Tucaman
730
Province with closet to 17% of Argentina's vineyards making it the second largest grape producing region in the country
San Juan
731
Provence that contains 75% of Argentina's vineyards and the 2 DOC wine areas
Mendoza | DOC's : Lujan de Cuyo (Primera Zona) and San Rafael (South Menoza)
732
Mendoza's Grapes
RED: 61%! Malbec, Bonarda, Cab Sav, Syrah WHITE: Chard, Torrontes, Sav Blacn
733
Argentina's Central Southern Regions
``` Cordoba Neuquen La Pampa Rio Negro Chabut Buenos Aires ```
734
Province located south of Mendoza producing 85% red wine
Neuquem
735
Central Southern Region Province in Argentina making 50% Malbec
La Pampa
736
Home of the province of the Sarmiento region and some of the southernmost vineyards in the world. Focus on Pinot Noir
Chabut
737
This desert is located in the north of Chile and is one of the driest places on earth
Atacama Desert
738
Southern Chile contains the frozen archipelago of
Tierra del Fuego
739
Due to natural barriers and strict quarintine policies, Chile has manage to avoid this pest
Phylloxera
740
Chile's cold ocean current that flows along shores from the polar seas
Humbolt
741
Chile's most widely planted grape is ___________ but it's signature grape (once thought to be Merlot) is ___________
Cab Sav - most widely | Carmenere - signature
742
Chile's main white grapes
``` Chardonnay Sauvignon Blanc (was actually Sav. Vert originally but have been replanted so now these are referred to as just Sauvignon) ```
743
Chile's set of geographic place name origin laws are known as this system
DO: Denominacaion de Origem
744
Under Chilean law, min requirement for place of origin, vintage, and variety on wine label is ____% but because they are export oriented they use the EU standard of ____%
75 ; 85
745
3 terms based on Chile's east-west geography approved for wine labels ; must have 85% grown in the area to use these
Costa (Coast) Entre Cordilleras (between the mountains) Andes
746
Chile's DO terms from largest to smallest
Viticultural Region Subregion Zone Area
747
Chile's major viticultural regions from north to south
``` Atacama Region Coquimo Region (3 subs) Anacagua Region (3 subs) Central Valley Region (4 subs) Del Sur/Southern Region (3 subs) Austral Region ```
748
3 subregions of Coquimo Region
Elqui Valley Limari Valley Choapa Valley
749
3 subregions of Aconcagua Region
Aconcagua Valley Casablanca Valley San Antonio Valley (CONTAINS ZONE: Leyda Valley)
750
4 subregions of Central Valley Region
Maipo Valley Rapel Valley Curico Valley Maule Valley
751
3 subregions of Del Sur/Southern Region
Itata Valley Bio Bio Valley Malleco Valley
752
Area of Coquimbo increasingly known for the country's best Syrah
Elqui Valley
753
Cool climate subregion of Coquimno well known for mineral driven white wines. Impacted by Pacific fog from Humboldt current
Limari Valley
754
Wine area located in the narrowest part of the country.
Choapa Valley
755
Warmest subregion of Aconcagua focusing on Cab. Sav, Merlot, Syrah
Aconcagua Valley
756
Sub region of Aconcagua located very close to the coast and well known for white wines. 75% Chard and Sav. Blanc
Casablanca Valley
757
Subzone of San Antonio Valley known for granite soils and breezy conditions
Leyda Valley
758
80% of Chile's wine growing is in this region
Central Valley Region
759
Region surrounding the Chilean city of Santiago considered the historical heart of winemaking. Focus on Cab Sav
Maipo Valley
760
Region that contains the Cachapoal and Colchagua Valleys. Red focus: Cab Sav, Merlot, Syrah, Carmenere
Rapel Valley
761
Area known for Carignan and VIGNO organization
Maule Valley
762
Area of southern regions (Del Sur) increasingly planted with Riesling, Chardonnay, and Pinot Noir
Bio Bio Vallley
763
Area of southern regions (Del Sur) planted with Dais, Moscatel, Cab Sav, Merlot
Itata Valley
764
Area awarded Brazil's first and only DO
Vale dos Vinhedos DO | Focus on Merlot and Chard
765
Brazil's leading wine production region with 85% of its production
Serra Goucha
766
Serra Goucha's red focused grapes
Barbara, Cab Sav, Cab Franc, Tannat
767
Serra Goucha's sparkling focus
Malvesia, Moscato: Charmat Method | Chardonnay, Pinot Noir: Classic Method
768
Leading grape in Uraguay
Tannat (red) AKA Harraque
769
Wine region located nearest to the border between Argentina and Bolivia
Jujuy
770
Climactic influences on South Africa
``` Benguela current (flows up from South Africa) Cape Doctor (southern wine that dries vines) ```
771
Most widely planted grape in South Africa and its local name
Chenin Blanc AKA Steen
772
Red wine blend with 30-70% Pinotage
Cape Blend
773
Name of appellation system used in South Africa
Wine of Origen (WO)
774
Terms for South African wine regions from largest to smallest (according to geographic size)
Geographical Unit Region District Ward
775
Pinot Noir X Cinsault
Pinotage - developed at Stellenbosch University
776
WO Wines must have area named _______% grapes from stated area and will receive this if they are WO
100% from stated area - white paper seal
777
WO Wines listing grapes or vintage must have _______% from that stated grapes or vintage
85
778
South Africa's primary GU with 95% of its vineyards
Western Cape
779
Main regions of the Western Cape
``` Coastal Region/Boberg Cape South Coast Breed River Valley Klein Karoo Olifants River ```
780
Coastal Region Districts/Wards
``` Stellenbosch District Paarl District Franschoek Valley District Constantina Ward Swartland District ```
781
Ward near city of Cape Town that is famous for a traditional dessert wine
Constantina Ward: Vin de Constance (Sweet, fortified)
782
Cool climate district near town of Hermanus. Known for Chardonnay and Pinot Noir
Walker Bay District
783
District north of Stelenbosch that is home to many of the more familiar S. Af. wine brands
Paarl District
784
Inland district that grows 25% of S. Africa's wine (as well as table grapes and grapes for brandy)
Worcester District
785
District known as the valley of vines and roses. Focus on Shiraz and Cab Sav.
Robertson District
786
Breed River Valley (Western Cape) grape focus
Chardonnay, Sav. Blanc
787
Second largest producer of wine in Africa
Algeria
788
Northern Africa wine production countries
Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia
789
Most widely planted grape in Australia
Shiraz (Syrah)
790
Australia's wine regions in proper order from largest to smallest
State, zone, region
791
Agency that enforces place of origin system in Australia
Australian Grape and Wine Authority
792
Nickname for Australian sweet wines
stickies
793
In Australia, if you use a grape name on label what percentage must be made from stated grape
85%
794
Leading white grape in Australia
Chardonnay
795
Australian GI's (generic) in order
``` Multistate State Super zone Region Sub region ```
796
New South Wales major wine areas
Hunter Valley (zone) Mudgee (region) Riverina (region)
797
Largest wine region in Australia (geographic area)
Riverina - `1/2 of the countires wine (bulk table)
798
Region located west of the Great Dividing Range; some vineyards are 2000+ft
Mudgee
799
Mudgee grapes
Cab Sav., Shiraz
800
Hunter Valley main grape
Semillon
801
Island located off the coast of Victoria known for cool climate wines (Chard, Pinot Noir) and sparkling
Tasmania
802
Victoria Major Wine Areas
Rutherglen (region) Yarra Valley & Mornington Peninsula (regions) Heathcote (region)
803
Region in Victoria known for muscat wines
Rutherglen
804
Warm climate zone north of Sydney noted for Semillon
Hunter Valley
805
Region on outskirts of Melbourne noted for Pinot Noir and Chardonnay
Yarra Valley
806
Region located between Bendigo and Goulburn Valley that is influenced by cool winds from Mt. Camel Range. Known for Shiraz
Heathcote
807
Major wine areas of South Australia
Coonawarra (region) Barosa Valley & McLaren Vale (regions) Claire Valley & Eden Valley (regions) Riverland (region)
808
Region well known for Terra Rosa soils
Coonawarra
809
Region near Adelade known for Shiraz
Barossa Valley
810
Region near Adelaide known for Riesling
Clare Valley
811
Zone that includes Coonawarra
Limestone Coast
812
Commercially important region with the second largest volume of wine in Australia
Riverland
813
Region located in Southwest Australia known for Chardonnay, Semillon Blends, and Sav, Blanc
Margaret River
814
Most widely planted white grape of New Zealand
Sav. Blanc
815
Percentage of New Zealand wine that is white
85%
816
Most widely planted red grape of New Zealand
Pinot Noir
817
Nick name for New Zealand
Aotearoa "Land of the Long White Cloud"
818
Mountain chain on New Zealand's South Island that causes rain shadow
Southern Alps
819
New Zealand GI's
New Zealand South Island North Island
820
Geographic feature of New Zealand's North Island
Volcanic mountains
821
New Zealand wine law for GI's
Must be renewed after the first 5 years and after that every 10 years
822
If grape stated on label of New Zealand what percentage must be that grape
85%
823
North Island GI's
Northland Auckland Waikato Bay of Plenty (Gisborne) Hawkes Bay
824
Self proclaimed chardonnay capitol of New Zealand
Gisbourne
825
Leading region for New Zealand Cab Sav, Merlot, and Syrah. Makes 70% of NZ's red wines.
Hawkes Bay
826
Area within Hawke's Bay region known for greywacke soils
Gimblett Gravels
827
South Island GI's
Nelson Marlborough (Wairau Valley, Awatere Valley, Southern Valleys) Canterbury (North Canterbury, Waipara Valley, Canterury Plains, Waitaki Valley) Central Otago
828
Only wine region on New Zealand's South Island located west of the Southern Alps. Known for Sav. Blanc and Chard.
Nelson
829
Region where Cloudy Bay Vineyards is located. 2/3 of New zealands production is here. Known for Sav Blanc and Pinot Noir
Marlborough
830
3 subregions of Marlborough
Wairau Valley Awatere Valley Southern Valley
831
Area located in Gisborne Bay
Poverty Bay
832
Area in Marlborough known for stony, alluvial soils, and cool climate
Wairau Valley
833
AKA Bay of Plenty
Waikatu
834
Large wine region that contains the city Christchurch and has dry no'rwestern winds
Canterbury
835
One of world's southernmost wine regions and the highest elevation region in New Zealand. Known for Pinot Noir, some Chard, Pinot Gris, Sav Blanc, Riesling
Central Otago
836
Sub region of Central Otago that sees harvest a month before the rest of the region
Bannockburn
837
Most southerly sub region of Central Otago
Alexandria
838
Muscat of Alexandria grape is known in many of the warmer areas Australia where it is often called
Gordo Blanco
839
Where is Lodi and what does it grow
Central Valley - CA | 70 different grape varieties but known for old vine Zin, Petite Sirah, Cab Sav, Viognier, Rhone and Spanish varieties
840
what is pigeage?
French. Form of cap management known as "punching down"
841
On a napa valley label what percentage must the grape be...?
100% (Oregon also requires 100% if AVA)
842
French term. Wooden rack traditionally used to hold bottles of sparkling wine during the process of riddling
Pupitre
843
what is the most northernly region of germany.
Ahr
844
German. Single variety of rose of Qualitatswein quality or higher
Weissherbst
845
four “Noble Grapes of Alsace”
Riesling, Gewurztraminer, Pinot Gris and Muscat.
846
AVA often referred to as islands in the sky
Mendocino Ridge AVA
847
Vidal is
a hybrid from two species
848
Ausbruch DAC makes what kind of wine
white sweet botrytis affected wine
849
Cloudy, having sediment or foreign particles
Turbid
850
What are tactile senses?
Sensors in the nose/mouth that allow people to respond to tactile stimuli in wines. Viscosity, texture, dissolved gas, serving temp, astringency, heat from alc, and sulfur dioxide content
851
the name given to a red wine grape variety used in China. Originally believed to be of European origin, and similar if not identical to Cabernet Franc
Cabernet Gernischt ; Cabernet Gernischt has since been proven to be genetically identical to Carménère.
852
What is Zweigelt
also known as Rotburger, is a new Austrian grape created in 1922 by Friedrich Zweigelt, who later became Director of the Federal Institute and Experimental Station of Viticulture, Fruit Production and Horticulture. It comprises a crossing between St. Laurent and Blaufränkisch.
853
How do the andes affect argentina
Creates barrier to westerly winds and results in rain shadow that keeps western argentina very dry. Snowmelt irrigates. High elevation. Lots of sunshine

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