Trinchero Review Notes - CSW Flashcards
Ingredients for Wine
Water, Alcohol, Acid, Sugar, Phenolic Compounds
Percentage of Water in Wine
80-90%
Types of Sugar - Wine
Fructose and Glucose
Grape Acids
Tartaric, Malic, Citric, Succinic
Fermentation Acids
Lactic, Acetic, Succinic
PH of Wine
2.9 - 3.9 (lower PH = more acid)
Most prevalent acid in wine
Tartaric Acid
Phenolic Compounds
Anythocyanins, flavonals, tannins, vanillin, resveratrol
Wine fault : Mold related: musty, moldy, dank basement, wet cardboard
2,4,6 Trichloroanisole (TCA) : AKA Cork Taint
Wine fault: Bacteria related odors
Acidic Acid, Butyric Acid, Ethyl Acetate, Geranium
Wine Fault: Bacteria related odors: Vinegar
Acidic Acid
Wine Fault: Bacteria related odors: rancid butter, goat
Butyric Acid
Wine Fault: Bacteria related odors: Nail polish remover, model airplane glue
ethyl acetate
Wine Fault: Bacteria related odors: crushed leaves
Geranium
Wine fault: mold related odors: wet cardboard
TCA
Wine Fault: sulfur related odors: burnt matches
sulfur dioxide
Wine Fault: sulfur related odors: rotten eggs
hydrogen sulfide
Wine Fault: sulfur related odors: garlic and onions
Mercaptan
Wine Fault: other fault odors: horsey, bandaid
Brettanomyces
Wine Fault: other fault odors: leaves, under ripe grapes
Green
Wine Fault: other fault odors: nutty, caramel
oxidized
Wine Fault: other fault odors: cooked odor, sweet
maderized
Wine Fault: other fault odors: cabbage, burnt rubber
reductive (lack of oxygen)
Wine Fault: other fault odors: bread dough
yeasty/leesy
Viticulture: Venus
Vitis
Viticulture: grouping of genetically similar plants
Species
Viticulture: Subspecies - ex: Pinot Noir
Variety
Viticulture: offspring of two subspecies in the same species.
EX: Cab. Franc + Sav. Blanc. = Cab Sav.
cross
Viticulture: new plant made from cutting - asexual reproduction
Clone
Viticulture: new plant with distinctive character
Mutation
Viticulture: offspring of 2 species
EX: Seyval Blanc
Hybrid
Grapevine timelines:
Weeping, bud break, flowering, berry set, verasion, harvest
Time between bud break to harvest
140-160 days
Temperate latitude for grape growing
30 - 50 degrees
Vine Metabolic Processes
Photosynthesis, Respiration, Transpiration, Translocation
Vine metabolic process: Sugar breaks down and converted into biological energy
respiration
Vine metabolic process: cools vine. Water evaporated through stomata
transpiration
Vine metabolic process: materials in plant are moved from one area of the plant to another
translocation
What is terrior
climate and weather, temperature, precipitation, humidity, fog, wind, soil, physical geology
Climate type: influenced by the ocean. Heavy rain, mild temperatures
EX: Bordeaux, Galicia, Yarra Valley
Maritime
Climate type: all 4 seasons, hot summers, cold winters
EX: Burgundy, Rioja, Mosel
Continental
Climate type: Warm/dry summers, wet winters, mild temperatures, low humidity
EX: Napa, Tuscany, Provence
Mediterranean
Bacterial disease spready by glassy-winged sharpshooter
Pierce’s Disease
Diseases: fungus that causes powdery mildew of grape.
Odium
Fungus: it is usually called “grey mould” or “gray mold” AKA Noble Rot
Botrytis cinerea
Training system, the vine shoots are trained upward in a vertical, narrow curtain with the fruiting zone below
Vertical Shoot Position
a portfolio of vineyard management techniques, which manage a grapevine’s canopy from the time of winter pruning until harvest time.
Canopy Management
a unit of measure that has been traditionally used in the wine, sugar, fruit, and honey industries to estimate the sugar (sucrose) or water soluble content (on a percent by weight basis).
BRIX ; ABV = BRIX x .55
FR: A system for measuring the sugar content of grape juice by its density.
Baume
Scale used in Germany to measure sugar levels and other solids in grapes or must to determine ripeness and potential alcohol. This scale is based on the density or specific gravity of the must.
Oeschle ; ABV = (Density - 1.0) x 1000
Austria: scale is used to measure sugar in grapes and, hence, their ripeness.
KMW: Klosterneuburger Mostwage.
Viticultural Practices: attempts to minimize environmental impacts and ensure economic viability and a safe, healthy workplace through the use of environmentally and economically sound production practices.
EX: Napa Green, Lodi Rules, Vine Balance
Sustainable
Viticultural Practices: a combination of practices that stimulate positive interactions between vines, soil and climate, through the use of methods that respect the environment.
EX: USDA
Organic
Viticultural Practices: farming all components of the vineyard as one whole entity, eliminating the use of chemicals and using natural materials and composts. Following the biodynamic calendar is another integral part of the process.
Organic Viticulture + metaphysical elements
EX: Demeter International
Biodynamic
Types of Viticultural Practices
Sustainable, Organic, Biodynamic, Integrated Pest Management
Prefermentation: 1st juice off grapes without adding pressures. BEST juice
Free run juice
Prefermentation: style of pressing that is much more subtle and softer on the fruit, not allowing bitter tannins from seeds and skins to be extracted from the cracked seeds.
Bladder Press
Prefermentation: common winemaking technique that is widely used in the production of red wines. It involves holding crushed red grapes at a low temperature for a period of time prior to the start of fermentation.
Cold Soak/ Maceration
Final Must Adjustments
Acidification, Chaptalization
Prefermentation: Adding sugar to must before fermentation begins to boost the alcohol content in the finished wine
Chaptalization
Prefermentation: the settling of the freshly pressed grape juice prior to fermentation, so as to produce wines with the purest expression of fruit.
Débourbage
Wine fault: Caused by high amounts of acetic acid and ethyl acetate
Ascensence or volatile acidity
Wine fault caused by lactic acid bacteria interacting with sorbic acid
Geranium
TCA is noticeable at very _________ concentrations, with most people able to detect at the level of _____________
Low ; 2-7 parts per trillion
Term used for indigenous grapes that are the result of natural cross-breeding or natural mutation in a specific area
authochthonous
Example of grape produced via a crossing
Cabernet Sauvignon
Grape known for producing robust red wines as well as off dry blush wines
Zinfandel
Italian variety known to have aromas of tar and roses
Nebbiolo
Main variety in the “black wines of Cahors”
Malbec
One of the most aromatic white grapes, known for aromas of perfume, flowers, spice, lychee, and rose
Gewurtraminer
White grape with gasoline or petrol like aromas
Riesling
Problem that causes poor fruit set, AKA Shatter
coulure
Problem with abnormal fruit set that causes grape bunches to have a high proportion of small, seedless berries mixed in with normal, larger berries
millerandage
Fungal disease AKA downy mildew
Peronospora
4 soil types: smallest to largest
clay, silt, sand, gravel
How much water do vines need on an annual basis
20-30 inches
Temperature that signals bud break in the Spring
50 degree F/ 10 degrees Celcius
White Wine Production Timeline, starting at Harvest (14 steps)
Harvest Sorting Crusting pressing Must adjustments Juice settling Innoculation fermentation sur lie aging clarification barrel aging blending cold stabilization bottling
White Wine Production Timeline, starting at Harvest (14 steps)
Harvest Sorting Crushing/Destemming Must adjustments Cold Soak Inoculation Fermentation Cap Management (1-2 after ferm and then simultaneous) Extended maceration Pressing Clarification Barrel Aging Blending Bottling
Stirring up of dead yeast cells back into the liquid
Batonnage
Use of gravity to remove suspended matter in a batch of newly fermented wine
racking
French term for “rack and return”
Delestage
The cake of compressed grape skins and seeds that remains behind after the final pressing of the juice or wine
Pomace
French term for “punching down”
Pigeage
Type of German rose
Weissherbst
optional winemaking process that converts malic acid into lactic acid, resulting in a sharper, more acidic wine
Malolactic fermentaiton
Styles of sparkling wine from driest to sweetest (7)
Brut Nature Extra Brut Brut Extra Dry Sec Demi Sec Doux
sizes of Champagne bottles: smallest to largest (7) ; starting with 2 standard bottle equivalent
Magnum (2 bottles) Jeroboam (4 bottles) Rehoboam (6 bottles) Methuselan (8 bottles) Salmanazar (12 bottles) Balthazar (16 bottles) Nebuchadnezzar (20 bottles)
FRENCH: Type of pumping over in which the fermenting juice is drained into a separate holding tank before it is returned to the original tank by spraying it now over the sunken cap
Delestage AKA Rack and return
FRENCH: form of cap management known as “pumping over”
remontage
Intracellular fermentation process that can occur in whole, unbroken grapes in the absence of oxygen without the use of yeast
Carbonic Maceration
Wine where you would you typically see carbonic maceration used.
Beaujolais Nouveau
Added to cuvee in order to initiate the second fermentation
liqueur de tirage
Turning the bottles and gently shaking them in order to get the dead yeast cells collected near the cap
remouage
Rack used to hold bottles of wine during the riddling process
Pupitre
Creation of blended wine that will undergo a second fermentation and be turned into sparkling wine
Assemblage
Second alcoholic fermentation
Prise de mousse
An addition added just after disgorging a bottle of sparkling wine; AKA dosage
liqueur d’ expedition
Another name for the Charmat method of sparkling wine production
Cuve close
Style of Champagne most likely considered to be a brand’s “house style” and most consistent wine
Non vintage
Top of the line sparkling wine produced by a given brand or producer
tete de cuvee wine
Steps in the traditional method of sparkling wine production in order
First fermentation Blending Bottling Second fermentation Riddling Disgorging Dosage
Sweet wine production types
Late harvest (higher sugar) Dried grapes (Recioto: Italy) Freezing (Icewine - Canada, Germany) Adding sugar (finished wine + sugar) Fortification (alcohol + wine) Botrytis
French term “to bleed” ; process of production of rose wine in which a portion of the juice is run off from a batch of macerating or fermenting must. May also result inthe production of deeply hued red wines
Saignee
Example of botrytis affected wines: Bourdeaux, FR
Sauternes - using Semillon, Sav. Blanc, Muscadelle
Example of botrytis affected wines: Loire Valley, FR
Coteaux du Layon, Vouvray - Chennin Blanc
Example of botrytis affected wines: Germany
Trockenbeerenauslese - Riesling
Example of botrytis affected wines: Hungary
Tokaji Azsu - Furmint
Example of botrytis affected wines: Alsace, FR
Selection de Grains Noble - Riesling, Muscat, Gerwutztraminer, Pinot Gris
Sparkling wine production methods
Traditional Tank Transfer Partial fermentation Ancestral Carbonation
Method of sparkling wine production that follows the traditional method through the second fermentation and lees aging, then begins the clarification stage with the wine emptied into a pressurized tank
Transfer Method
French term: In champagne production, fractions of juice from specific pressings
Taille
Most common acid in grapes and wine
Tartaric acid
Common traditional method sparkling wines in Alsace, Burgundy, and Loire FR
Cremant
Common traditional method sparkling wines in Lombardy Italy and its grapes
Franciacota - Chardonnary, Pinot Nero, Pinot Blanco
Common traditional sparkling method wine: Champagne - grapes
Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Pinot Meunier
Common traditional method sparkling wine in Spain and it’s grapes
Cava : Xarel-lo, Macabo, Paradella
Styles of traditional method sparkling wines
Prestige (tete de cuvee) - BEST! Vintage Non Vintage Blanc de blancs Blanc de noirs Rose
Typical pressure of dissolved carbon dioxide in a bottle of sparkling wine
4-6 ATM
Process of sparkling wine production that is used to create w wine that emphasizes youthful, floral, and primary fruit aromas
Tank method AKA Chamart, cuvee close, and bulk method
Method used for low alcohol, sweet sparkling wines such as Italy’s Moscato d’ Asti
Partial fermentation method
Sparkling wine method where after bottle is sealed, fermentation continues inside the bottle until it reaches 1-3 ATM and 6-7% residual sugar remains. Sweet base wine.
Ancestral method
Best known example for ancestral method sparkling wine
Limoux Methode Ancetrale - Languedoc, FR
Variation on ancestral sparkling production method known specifically as the Methode Dioise Ancestral is made for the production of what
Clairette de Die Method Dioise Ancestral DOC - Rhone Valley, Pays Dioise, FR
Base wine for production of Champagne
high acid, low alcohol. Fermented dry
French term: upside down vertical positioning of a bottle, sometimes used in the riddling stage of sparkling wine
Sur Pointe
Sweet style fortified wines: type of base wine, when do you fortify, give examples of styles
Base wine: high sugar
Fortify: during fermentation
EX: Port (Portugal), Madeira (Portugal)
Dry style fortified wines: type of base wine, when do you fortify, expected ABV, give examples of styles
Base wine: neutral wine
Fortify: after fermentation
*15-18% ABV
EX: Sherry (Jerez, Spain), Madeira (Portugal)
French term: Sweet fortified wine made by adding grape spirits to partially fermented grape must.
Vin doux naturel
Vin doux natural examples
SOUTHERN FRANCE: Muscat de Beaumes de Venise Muscat de Riversalles Banyuls Maury
Term used for process of fortified wine production where alcohol is added for fermenting wine while it still has a significant amount of sugar in it
Mutage
Most widely used grape in production of Sherry
Palomino
Two grapes most commonly used in production of dry styles of Maderia
Sercial, Verdelho
Specific term for French wine made by fortifying unfermented grape juice or must. Give 2 examples
Mistille ; Floc de Gascogone and Pineau de Charentes
Where is Banyuls produced
Rousillon, FR
Fortified wine specialty of Cyprus
Commanandaria
Fortified wine specialty of Cognac region in FR
Pineau des Charentes
Fortified wine specialty of Italy (Sicily)
Marsala
Fortified wine specialty of Austrailia
Rutherglen Muscat
Fortified wine specialty of Spain
Malaga
Top 3 wine producing countries
Italy, France, Spain
Date of phylloxera crisis in Europe
1860
Earliest examples of vinifera based wines were produced where
Andes Mountain in South America
EU labeling: If protected place name is used on the label of a PDO wine, what percentage of the grapes must be from the states region
100%
EU labeling: If protected place name is used on the label of a PGI wine, what percentage of the grapes must be from the states region
85%
EU labeling: If a single grape varietal is used on the label of a PDO or PGI wine, what percentage of the grapes must be from the stated varietal
85%
EU labeling: If vintage is used on the label of a PDO or PGI wine, what percentage of the wine must be from the stated vintage
85%
Quality tiers for EU wine: lowest to highest
Wine, PGI, PDO
New EU regulations permit the continuing use of pre-existing designations of origin as long as they were registered prior to
Dec. 31, 2011
Most widely planted red and white grapes in France
R: Merlot
W: Ugni Blanc (Trebbiano)
Term: basic French table wine using 100% French grapes
vin de France
Elevated region located in the central portion of France
Massif Cenral
French Wine Lawes: quality designations: low to high
Vin (entry level - previously vin de table)
PGI/IGP (Vin de pays/Indication Geographique Protegee)
PDO/AOC/AOP (Appelation d’ Origine Contolee/Appelation d’ Origine Protegee
French governing body for appellations/place names
INAO - Instituit National de ‘l Origne et de la Qualite
3 levels of GI under PGI/IGP
Regional (8)
Departments (28)
Zones (41)
Portion of French wine produced at PGI/IGP level
1/3
Portion of French wine produced at AOC/PDO level
~ 50% ; 300+ AOCs
**100% of grapes must come from stated area
2 most important PGI regions in France
Pays d’ OC IGP (Western FR, Med. Coast - Languedoc & Roussilon) * BEST KNOWN
L’Atlantique IGP (Bordeaux, Dordogne, Charentais)
Bordeaux climate and geographical features
SW FR on Atlantic Ocean
Maritime climate
Landes forest (protects!)
Bordeaux: Waterways divide into 3 areas - name the areas
Left Bank (West of Garrone River and Gironde) Right Bank (North and East of Dordogne and Gironde) Entre-Deux-Mers (between Garrona nd Dordogne)
Red grapes of Bordeaux
MERLOT! (most planted) Cab. Sav, Cab Franc, Malbec, Petit Verot, Carmenere
White grapes of Bordeaux
Semillon, Sav. Blanc, Muscadelle!
Minor: Colombard, Ugni Blanc, Merlot Blanc
French Term: Bordeaux: Wine estate
Chateau
Intermediary who buys grapes or finished wine for resale and who may also ferment, age, blend, and/or bottle the wine
Negociant
French term: selling wine in futures
En Primeur
3 large AOCs for Bordeaux
Bordeaux AOC - dry red, light red, clairets, dry and sweet wines, roses
Bordeaux Superieur AOC - tighter restrictions for red and sweet whites. Lower yields, higher ripness Min 1/2 degree alcohol higher
Cremant de Bordeaux AOC - sparkling (white and rose)
Bordeaux LEFT Bank AOCs
Medoc AOC Haut Medoc AOC (upper Medoc) Braves AOC Pessac Leognan AOC Sauternes AOC (contains Cerons and Barsac AOCs)
Left Bank Bordeaux AOC featuring Cab Sav. based blends
Medoc AOC
Most highly revered AOC on Left Bank Bordeaux
Haut Medoc AOC
Leading red grape of the Left Bank: Bordeaux
Cabernet Sauvignon
Bordeaux: Left Bank: 6 communal AOCs of Haut Medoc AOC
Saint Estephe Pauillac Saint Julien Listrac medoc Moulis-en-Medoc Margaux
Bordeaux: Premier Crus/First Growths (5)
Chateau Haut Brion (Pessac - Leognan) Chateau Margaux (Margaux) Chateau Lafite Rothschild (Pauillac) Chateau Lafite (Pauillac) Chateau Mouton-Rothschild (Pauillac)
Property whos ranking on the Bordeaux Classification of 1855 was changed in 1973
Chateau Mouton-Rothschild (Pauillac)
Bordeaux AOC (left bank) known for sweet white botrytis affected wines
Sauternes AOC
Sub AOCs: Ceron and Barsac AOC
Bordeaux classification of 1855 divided how many wines into what
61 red wines into 5 levels called crus
Superior first growth for sweet Bordeaux
Chateaux d’ Yquem
Bordeaux sweet wine classifications
15 second growths
11 first growths
1 superior first growth: Chateu d’ Yquem
RIGHT BANK BORDEAUX notable AOCs (2)
St. Emilion AOC (merlot) Pomeral AOC (merlot blends)
Satellites of St. Emilion (Right Bank Bordeaux)
Lussac St. Emilion
Montagne St Emilion
Puisseguin St. Emilion
St. Georges St. Emilion
St. Emiion Grand Cru Classe’ Category A Property (2)
Chateau Cheval Blanc
Chateau Ausone
Other notable AOCs: Right Bank Bordeaux
Fransac AOC Cannon Fronsac AOC Blaye AOC Cotes de Bourg AOC Lalande de Pomeral OAC
St. Emilion Grand Cru Classe
Established 1954
Requires reclassification every 10 years
4 Class A producers
14 Class B producers
Style of wine for Entre-Deux-Mers AOC : Bordeaux
WHITE ONLY!
Semillon, Sav. Blanc, Muscadelle, Colombard, Ugni Blanc, Merlot Blanc
**Haut Benage AOC on western edge: Dry and sweet whites
AOC founded in 2009 to combine disjointed regions in Bordeaux. Name this AOC and its 5 subzones
Cotes de Bordeaux AOC
Subzones: Blaye Cotes de Cotes de Bordeaux Cadillac de Cotes de Bordeaux Castillon de Cotes de Bordeaux Francs de Cotes de Bordeaux Satin Foy de Cotes de Bordeaux
Grape variety for most dry white Bordeaux wines
Sav. Blanc
Loire Valley wine styles
Crisp, dry white, sweet whites, sparkling, dry reds, dry and off dry roses
4 wine growing regions of Loire Valley (west to east)
Pays Nantais
Anjou- Saumur
Touraine
Upper Loire (AKA eastern Loire)
White grapes of Loire Valley
Melon de Bourgogne
Chenin Blanc
Sauvignon Blanc
Red grapes of Loire Valley
Cab. Franc
Cab Sav
Key grape of Pay Nantais (Loire)
Melon de Bourgogne (AKA Muscadet) - 3/4 vineyards!
Other minor grapes: Folle Blanche (gros plant), Chenin Blanc, Gamay
Main winemaking technique of Pay Nantais: Loire Valley
Sue lie aging
P
Pay Nantais appellations
Muscadet AOC Muscadet Coteaux de la Loire AOC Muscadet Sevre at Main AOC Coteaux d'Ancenis AOC Gros Plant du Pays Nantais AOC
Of the 4 appellations for Muscadet, which is responsible for 80% of production
Muscadet Sevre et Maine AOC
Anjou-Saumar AOC wine styles
Red, whites, sparkling: Mousseux and Petillant
Red grapes of Anjou-Saumar AOC
Cab Franc, Cab Sav
White grapes of Anjou-Saumar AOC
Chenin Blanc!! & up to 20% Sav. Blanc and/or Chardonnay
Which Loire Valley white wine is often called the most cerebral wine in the world
Savennieres (Savennieres AOC = 100% Chenin Blanc)
AKA Pineau de la Loire
Chenin Blanc
Grape: Aka Cot
Malbec
Grape: Aka Breton
Cab. Franc
Rose appellations of Saumur & Tourraine regions
Rose de Loire: dry (region covers Anjour-Saumur, and Tourraine)
Rose d’ Anjou: off dry - Grolleau
Cabernet d’ Anjou: sweeter: Cab Sav. Cab Franc
Sweet wine appellations: Anjou-Saumur (Loire Valley) base on 100% Chenin Blanc
Coteaux du Layon AOC
Sub: Bonnezeau AOC and Quartes de Chaume
First and only grand cru of the Loire
Quarts de Chaume (became Coteaux de Layon Premier Cru Chaume) = 100% CHENIN
Eastern Anjou Saumur Appellation making unique spicy reds with Cab Franc (can include up to 15% Cab Sav or Pineau d’ Aubris (Chenin Noir)
Samur-Champigny AOC
Anjou-Saumur sparkling wine appellations
Saumur Mousseux (Chenin Blanc, Cab Franc) - Traditional method
Cremant de Loire AOC (covers entire Loire) - Traditional method; Saumur is main grape source
Three leading red wine appellations in Tourine
Chinon, Bourgueil, St Nicholas de Bourgueil
Largest and warmest region of Loire
Touraine
Touraine Grapes
White: Sauvignon Blanc
Red/Roses: Cab Franc, Malbec
Touraine Appellations
Touraine AOC (covers all) Vouvray Montlois-sur-Loire AOC Cheverny AOC Chinon AOC Bourgueil AOC St. Nicholas de Bourgueil AOC
Touraine appellations focusing on Chenin Blanc
Vouvray AOC
Moutlois-sur-Loire AOC
Chinon AOC (also does red, but W must be 100% Chenin)
Most elegant of all red wine appellations in Touraine
Chinon AOC
- Cab Franc and Cab Sav
- Also does W: Chenin Blanc= 100%
Marketing term for sparkling wines of the Loire
fines bulles
Upper Loire Appellations
Sancerre AOC Poully Fume AOC Menetou Salon AOC Quincy AOC Reuilly AOC
Soil type of Sancerre AOC
Chalky soils
Soil type Pouilly Fume AOC
flinty soils (smoky flavor)
Upper Loire AOC that only makes white wines based on 100% Chenin Blanc
Quincy AOC
Main soil types of Champagne region
Chalk and limestone rich marl
White grapes of Champagne region
Chardonnay!! Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris, Petit Mesler, Arbane
Red grapes of Champagne region
Pinot Noir, Pinot Meuneir
5 growing regions of Champagne (north to south) and their grapes
Montagne de Reims - Pinot Noir, Pinot Meunier, Chardonnay Vallee de la Marne- Pinot Meunier, Cotes de Blancs - Chardonnay Cotes de Sezanne - Chardonnay Cotes de Bar (Aube) - Pinot Noir
Which growing region in Champagne sits on limestone rich kimmeridgian marl
Cotes des Bar (Aube)
French term for vintage champagne
millesime
Term found on label of grower champagne
RM or recolant manipulant
AOC that covers rose wines produced in the far south end of the Champagne region
Rose de Riceys
Types of wine produced in the Coteaux Champenois AOC
still wines in red, white, rose
Champagne Production: 3 grades of pressed juice
- Cuvee - free juice rum. Premium
- Taille - later pressings - used for extra dry and demi sec
- Rebeche - used for still wines
Village classification system for Champagne
Echelle des crus
-rates each village on quality of grapes
Grand Crus Villages (17)
Premier Cru Villages (42)
Alsace geographic features
Rhine River Vosages Mountain (Rainshadow!)
2 deparements of Alsace
Bas-Rhin (lower elevation) Haut Rhin (higher elevation)
Alsace Grapes: Noble and others
Noble: Riesling, Gerwurztraminer, Pinot Gris, Muscat
Others: Pinot Blanc, Sylvander, Chasselas, Auxerois, Klevender de Heiligenstein
R: Pinot Noir
If grape stated on the label of Alsace what percentage of that grape must be used
100%
Alsace Blends (2)
Edelzwicker (noble blend)
Gentil (must be blended with 50% noble grapes)
Notable wine styles of Alsace
Dry (traditional) Vintage Tardive (late harvest, some botrytis, can be dry) Selection de Grains Nobles (sweet wine from botrytis affected grapes)
Alsace appellations
Alsace AOC (covers all) Alsace Grand Cru AOC (in Alsace vineyards = Grand Crus; NO Chaptalization - Most in Haut Rhin) Cremant d'Alsace AOC (Sparkling: Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris, Riesling, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, or Auxerrois)
What percentage of production is Cremant d’Alsace AOC in Alsace
23%
Number of grand cru vineyards in Alsace
65
Wine that may be produced using Pinot Noir grapes in Alsace, but must be vinified as a white wine
Pinot D’Alsace
Styles of wine Burgundy is known for
Elegant, silky, complex Pinot Noirs and well structured, dry Chadonnay
Highest ranking awarded to designated vineyards in Burgundy
Grand Cru
Grand Cru vineyard with over 80 owners
Clos de Vougeot
Plots of land that make up Burgundy based on precise boundaries of terrior
Climats
White and rose sparkling AOC in Burgundy using traditional method
Cremant de Bourgonge AOC
Generic appellation for Burgundy with 14 sub appellations
Borugogne AOC
AOC structure for Burgundy highest to lowest
Grand Crus AOCs (33)
Villages/Commune AOCs
Regional AOCs
Only grand cru vineyard in Cote de Beaune that produces both red and white
Corton
Second highest ranking awards to designated vineyards in Burgundy
Premier Cru (600+)
Burgundy White Grapes
Chardonnay (60% production)
Aligote (2nd most)
Burgundy Red Grapes
Pinot Noir (grown everywhere but Chablis ; DOMINATES Cote de Nuits) Gamay (small amounts in Maconnais)
Typical style of wine produced in Burgundy
100% Pinot Noir or 100% Chardonnay
4 growing areas of Burgundy
Chablis
Cote d’Or (Cote de Nuits, Cote de Beaune)
Cote Chalonnais
Maconnais
Soil type of Chablis
Kimmeridgian Marl
By law, what grape is used in Chablis
Only Chardonnay
Chablis AOCs (3)
Chablis Grand Cru AOC (7 parcels)
Chablis AOC (40 premier cru vineyards)
Petit Chablis AOC (less desired land)
7 parcels of land: Chablis Grand Cru AOC: largest to smallest
Les Clois Vaudesir Bougros Blanchots Le Preuses Valmur Grenouilles
Soil type of Cote d’ Or
limestone
Majority of production of Cote de Nuits is
90% red “spiritual home of Pinot Noir”
Number of Grand Cru Vineyards in Cote d’ Or
33 total
Cote de Nuits : 24/33
Cote de Beaune: 8/33
8 commune appellations of Cote de Nuits
Marsannay Fixin Gevrey Chambertin Morey Saint Denis Chamboille Musigny (ONLY WHITE WINE) Vougeaot Vosnee-Romaine Nuits-St. Georges
Cote de Beaunne is known for what type of wine
White! Chardonnay! However 1/2 of its plantings are Pinot Noir
Only grand cru allowing white wine production in Cote de Nuits
Chamboille -Musigny
Cote de Beaunne primary commune appellations
Ladoix Serrigny Aloxe Corton Pernard-Vergelesses Beaune Pommard (red only) Volnay (red only) Meursault Puligny-Montrachet Chassagne-Montrachet Ladoix-Serrigny
Grand Cru vineyard in Cote de Beaune producing red wine
Corton (also makes small amount of white)
Important Code de Beaune Grand Crus
Charlemagne Corton (RED) Corton - Chalemagne Montrachet Batard-Montrachet
Number of grand crus in Cote Chalonnaise
NONE
5 communal AOCs of Cote Chalonnaise
Rully Bouzeron (white only!) Mercury Givry Montagny
Largest commune in Cote Challonaise
Mercury
Commune in Cote Chalonnaise only producing white wine
Bouzeron - 100% Aligote
Kir cocktails!
Soil type of Maconnais
clay
Number of Grand Crus in Maconnais
NONE
Cote Chalonnaise main grape and style
Aligote ; sparkling
Maconnais main grapes
Mostly white: Chardonnay
Some Red: Gamay, Pinot Noir
Maconnais AOC only producting white wine
Macon Villages AOC
Macon Villages AOC has 5 communal AOCs, the two most known are
Pouilly Fuisse AOC
St. Veran AOC
** CHARONNARY ONLY
Soil type of Beajolais and what grape is that good for
Granite ; Gamay
Beajolais main grape and other minor ones
98% Gamay
Others: Chardonnay, Aligote, Pinot Noir, Melon de B., Pinot Gris
Common winemaking technique in Beajolais
Carbonic Maceration
Beaujolais Noveau is released every _________ of ____________`
3rd Thursday ; November
Number of villages in Beaujolais that are allowed to produce wines labeled with the term “ Beaujolias-Villages AOC”
38
3 Beaujolais crus known for making lighter styles of wine
Chiroubles
Fleuries
St. Amour
4 Beaujolais crus known for making medium to fuller styles of wine
Brouilly
Cote de Bouilly
Julienas
Regnie
3 Beaujolais crus known for making age worthy styles of wine
Chenas
Moulin a Vent
Morgon
Yonne Department AOCS (3)
Vezelay AOC (100% chard) Irany AOC (Pinot Noir, cesar, Pinot Gris) Saint Bris AOC (Sav. Blanc, Sav. Gris)
2nd largest producer of AOC wines in France
Rhone Valley
2 districts of Rhone Valley
Northern Rhone
Southern Rhone
Northern Rhone grapes
Red: Syrah
White: Viogneir, Marsanne, Roussane
Southern Rhone grapes
Red: Grenache (2/3) plantings, Syrah, Cariganan, Mouvedre, Cinsault
White: Gerache Blanc, Clairette, Viogneir, Ugni Blanc, Rousanne, Marsanne, Muscat
Majority of wine produced in Rhone Valley is
Red. Only 5% white, 9% rose
Climactic force in Southern Rhone
Mistral Winds
Appellation that produces more than half of Rhone’s output
Cote du Rhone AOC
AOC in southern Rhone that produces rose exclusively
Tavel AOC : Grenache, Cinsault
Northernmost appellation in Northern Rhone Valley
Cote Roite
Small AOC located witin the larger Condrieu AOC
Chateau Grillet
White wine only AOCs in Rhone Valley
Condrieu - Viognier
Chateau Grillet - Viognier
Saint Percy AOC - Marsanne, Rousanne
Soil type for Southern Rhone and Chateaneuf du Pape AOCs
Gallets
AOC in northern Rhone that requires wines to be 100% Syrah
Cornas
Region known for producing red vin doux naturel based on Grenache
Rasteau
White grape used to make sparkling wines with the Methode Ancestrale Dioise
Clairette
Sweet wine AOCs of Rhone
Muscat de Beaumesde Venise AOC Rasteau AOC (red: Grenache)
Southeast Rhone Valley AOCs
Clairette de Die AOC (sparkling - Methose Ancestrole Diose)
Cremant de Die AOC (sparkling: Clairette, Muscat, Aligote)
Coreatux de Die AOC (dry, still, 100% Clairette)
Chatillon-en-Dois AOC (Chardonnary, Aligote, Gamay, Pinot Noir, Syrah)
6 AOCs outside of Cote du Rhone AOC
Ventous AOC Costieres de Nimes AOC Luberon AOC Duche d'Uze AOC Cote de Vivarais AOC Claiette de Bellegarde AOC
AOC outside of Cote du Rhone AOC requiring 100% Clairette
Clairette de Bellegarde AOC
Southwest France (Sud-Oeast) AOCs
Cahors AOC - MALBEC “Black wines of Cahors”
Madrian AOC - Tannat
Gaillac AOC
Jurancon AOC
AOC in Southwest France that produces red wines based on Malbec
Cahors
White grape variety in Southwest France
Arrufiac
Red grape variety in Southwest France
Fer Servadou
AOC in Southwest France producing red wines based on Tannat
Madiran
Region in Southern France with the largest amount of IGP wines made there
Languedoc -Roussillon
Large IGP that covers the entire region of Languedoc -Roussillon
Pays d’ Oc IGP
Large AOC that covers the entire region of Languedoc -Roussillon that requires growers to use traditional grapes. Also name the grapes
Languedoc AOC
Grenache, Syrah, Mourvedres, Cinsault, Carignan
AOCs in Southern France that are known for GSMs
Corbienes AOC, Minervois AOC
AOCs in Southern France that are red wine only
Fitou AOC (Grenache, Carignan) Tervasses du Larzac AOC
AOCs in Southern France that are known for vin doux naturels
Banyls AOC and Murray AOC
-Grenache, Grenache Blanc
Sparkling wine AOCs of Southern France
Cremant de Limoux AOC (Chardonnay)
Limoux Methode Ancestrale/Blanquette de Limous AOC: Mauzac
AOC producing a Christmas version of wine, Muscat del Noel, that must be bottled by 12/1 of the harvest year
Muscat de Rivesaltes AOC
Region that is considered the birthplace of all French wines
Province
Wine styles of Provence
88% rose
9% red
3.5 % white
Grapes of Province
Grenache, Syrah, Cinsult, Mourvedres, Tibouren
Oldest AOC in Languedoc
Fitou AOC
Area of Roussillon known for fortified wines made with Muscat
Rivesaltes
Best known communal AOC of Provence
Bandol AOC
Appellation in Provence producing 40% of all French roses
Cotes de Province AOC
Along with Minervois, this is one of the largest producing AOCs in Languedoc
Corbieres
AOC in Provence known for deep reds and hearty roses based on Mourvedre
Bandol
French Island with strong Italian influence
Corsica
Only Chateau from Graves that was rated premier cru in 1855 Classification of Bordeaux
Chateau Haut Brion
IGP covering Southwest France
Comte Tolosan IGP
Geographic features of Italy
Swiss Alps (north) - blocks Arctic chill Apennine Mountains (backbone of the country ; northern border) Po River - (south) Tyrrhenian Sea (west) Ionian Sea (south- Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria)
Italian Wine Law Structure (top to bottom)
DOCG (Dominazionze di Origine Controlata e Garantita)
DOC (Dominazionze di Origine Controlata) - DOG+DOGG= 30% of production
IGT (Indicazion Geographica Tipica) - 30% of production
Vino or Vini Varietali (previously vino da tavola) -40% of production
If a grape is stated for vino or IGT wine of Italy, what percentage of the wine must be made from that grape
85%
If multiple grapes are stated for an IGT wine of Italy, what percentage of the wine must be made from those grapes
100% and must be listed in alphabetical order
If grape is stated for DOC wine of Italy, what percentage of the wine must be made from that grape
100%
Most widely planted red grape in Italy
Sangiovese
One of the leading white grapes of Italy known everywhere else as Ugni Blanc
Trebbiano Tuscano
Italy’s first white wine DOGC
Romagna Albana DOCG located in Emilia Romagna
Italy’s first red wine DOGCs
Brunello di Montalcino, Barolo, Vino Noble di Montepulcano
PDO Term: Central growing area
Classico
PDO Term: Higher Alcohol
Superiore
PDO Term: Longer aging requirements
Riserva
Region with largest quantity of DOC/DOCgs in Italy
Veneto (14 DOCGs)
Grapes of Venetto
White: Garaganega, Glera (Prosecco)
Red: Corvina, Corvione, Rodinella
International: Merlot, Cab.Sav, Cab Franc, Pinot Grigio, Pino Blanc, Chardonnay
