Triple non communicable diseases Flashcards
(7 cards)
What do new medical drugs have to be tested for.
Toxicity, dose and Efficacy ( The drugs ability to do what’s intended )
In what ways can different types of diseases interact.
Defects in the immune system mean that an individual is more likely to suffer from infectious diseases.
Viruses living in cells can be the trigger for cancers.
Immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies such as skin rashes and asthma.
Severe physical ill health can lead to depression and other mental illness.
What are some examples of causal mechanisms for some risk factors.
The effects of diet (high fat, high cholesterol), smoking and lack of exercise on cardiovascular disease.
Obesity as a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes.
The effect of alcohol on the liver and brain function.
The effect of smoking on lung disease and lung cancer.
The effects of smoking and alcohol on unborn babies.
Carcinogens, including ionising radiation, as risk factors in cancer
Benign tumors
Growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area, usually within a membrane. They do not invade other parts of the body.
Describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced
Mouse lymphocytes stimulated to produce a specific antibody.
Lymphocytes combined with a tumour cell to form hybridoma cells.
Hybridoma cells both divide and make the antibody.
Single hybridoma cells are cloned to produce many identical cells that all produce the same specific antibody.
A large amount of the antibody can be collected and purified.
How are monoclonal antibodies specific.
Monoclonal antibodies are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen. They can therefore target a specific chemical or type of cell within the body.
Describe uses of monoclonal antibodies:
Diagnosis: in pregnancy tests a monoclonal antibody binds to the hormone hCG produced by the embryo.
In laboratories: monoclonal antibodies are used to measure the levels of hormones and other chemicals in blood, or to detect pathogens.
In research: to locate or identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue by binding to them with a fluorescent dye.
To treat some diseases: for cancer the monoclonal antibody can be bound to a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical which stops cells growing and dividing.
