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Triumph Of Elizabeth Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the royal court of Elizabeth

A

Important to Elizabethan decision making processes as E could seek advice on individual basis. Place for theatre and patronage. Existed wherever the Queen was.

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2
Q

Importance of presence chamber?

A

Relatively open area which anyone with right status could access.

Privy Chamber was more private and important. However less important than had been under male monarchs as gentleman of Privy Chamber no longer had access.

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3
Q

How did Elizabeth use patronage?

A

Bestowed patronage carefully to wide circle to ensure goodwill maintained. E wanted to ensure as many nobles and gentry as possible were bonded through patronage to loyalty to the crown.

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4
Q

What types of patronage were granted?

A
  1. Granting of offices - the majority of politically active class held some office under crown.
  2. Secondary patronage those appointed to offices would then make more appointments bringing more under loyalty to the crown.
  3. Pensions and land. Although E kept as much land as possible learning from father’s mistakes.
  4. Monopolies
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5
Q

Dangers of patronage?

A

E realised patronage not valued if given too often. E only gave 18 peerages in her reign and less peers in 1603 than 1553.

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6
Q

Key functions of Privy Council?

A

Court of law: adjudicate when sitting as star chamber. Deal with maladministration

Manage parliament: Privy Council would speak to parliament before sessions to tell them queen policy. Usually clashes in parliament reflected clashes in Privy Council.

Matters of state- advise queen

Manage crown finance with lord treasurer and Chancellor kf Exchequer

Recieve appeals from regional councils

Administer realm by instructing lord lieutenants, sheriffs, JPs, subsidy commissioners and borough councils

Laws and regulation enforcing

Oversee national defence arrangements

Enforce 1559 settlement

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7
Q

Describe E’s key ministers.

A

Cecil key minister dominated council

Conservatives drawn from trad aristocracy including the premier peer thomas howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk

Steadier conservatives: earls of Sussex ans Shrewsbury and lord treasurer marquis kf Winchester

Elizabeth’s favourite, Dudley

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

Describe the reshaping of the Privy Council in 1570s?

A

Influence of trad conservative aristocracy weakened by death of lord treasurer marquis of Winchester and execution of Duke of Norfolk after 1571 ridolfi plot.

Resulted in nucleus of prot councillors appointed Walsingham. Balanced by promotion of some more conservative figure e.g christopher Hatton.

Resulted in inner ring of 8 councillors some militant prots. Sussex and Hatton only relative conservatives

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10
Q

Problems in 1580s?

A
  1. Number of ministers died in quick succession. Lose of Dudley 1588 personal blow to E. By 1597 Privy Council only had 11 members.
  2. The queen made matters worse by failing to replace them and when she did appointed the sons of dead councillors of lacked dads skill.
  3. Absence of senior nobleman on council suggested E’s council no longer included country’s most important families
  4. E didn’t let Cecil retire though he became less useful by 1590s. He appointed his son, Robert Cecil.
  5. Promotion of the younger Robert Cecil angered Earl of Essex resulting in a feud.
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11
Q

Impact of rivalry on govt?

A

Conciliar govt affected by factional rivalry throughout reign. Structure of the govt prevented it from getting out of hand earlier in reign as no single minister had complete control of patronage.

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12
Q

Describe influential families?

A

Balanced each other out. Relatives of the Boleyn’s featured in senior ranks of crown service in high numbers, as did relatives of Katherine Parr early in reign

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13
Q

Differing interpretations of factional rivalry?

A

Clear divisions between moderate cecil and radical prot ideologies of Dudley

Some historians challenge seeing Cecil as more radical than sometimes acknowledged and they argued over specific issues rather than a fundamental religion disagreement

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14
Q

Describe the decline in the 1590s?

A

The coherence of govt evident in first 30 years declined in 1590s when fierce clashes between Cecil and Essex made running govt hard

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15
Q

Describe deckings influence of Essex

A

Once young star of court he lost influence political judgement and his head.

His career suffered due to:
1. Frozen out of court by Robert Cecil, losing his position as faction leader.

  1. Deep financial trouble worsened when E didn’t renew his sweet wine monopoly
  2. Failed as military leader in Ireland and brought shame upon himself when he burst into E’s bedchamber when she had no wig on and turned his back on her.
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16
Q

Essex rebellion 1601?

A

Armed coup to bring down robert cecil. Plan was rumbled and got no support from public. Essex forced to surrender and Cecil secured his swift trial and execution.

Essex although incompetent reflected the attitude of a larger discontent at a time when rule of Robert Cecil and E was very unpopular

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17
Q

How important was parliament under E?

A

Less important than would become in 17th century. E regarded parliament as necessary but occasional evil for granting taxes and law making

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18
Q

Describe law making function of parliament

A

438 acts passed by E’s parliament most important ones regarding social policy and religion

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19
Q

Describe parliaments role of granting taxes

A

Most important function to E. 11 out of 13 parliaments in her reign was ti grant extraordinary revenue

Distinction between extraordinary and ordinary revenue lost in H8 reign and E often used extraordinary revenue to pay for normal expenditure

Persistent failure to reform tax system declined yield from subsidy

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20
Q

Describe parliaments advice giving role

A

Most of time E not interested in parliament advice.

On other hand helped ministers to gauge opinion of the political nation

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21
Q

Role of ministers in managing parliament

A

Managed carefully

Cecil played important role in preparing Crowns legislative programme

Cecil assisted by council floor manager in house of Commons from 1576 this was Hatton

He used MPs who were.lawyers and experts to promote measures he thought important

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22
Q

Role of Privy councillors on managing parliament?

A

Set tone and outlined crown priorities

Introduced bills

Sat on committees deciding content of the bills

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23
Q

Peter Wentworth

A

Puritan MP imprisoned in 1593 for demanding named successor

Shows E temper worsening with age

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24
Q

Monopolies at 1601 parliament?

A

Relationship between E and parliament broke down completely over issues of monopolies in 1601

Debate over monopolies was one occasion when crown officers lost control over house of Commons

Not helped by lack of skill of robert cecil

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25
Golden speech 1601 parliament?
Delivered at final parliament E was aware reign coming to end and speech was a farewell E gave master performance drew veil over bad relationship with parliament complimenting her people and saying she loved them and God Many MPs left in tears
26
Summary of govt?
Overall govt well conducted especially in first 30 years. Other than religion there was broad consensus on policy E lucky to have talented ministers shrewdly chosen by her
27
Marraige issues?
E status as single created difficulty. Succession at forefront of ministers thinking most keen she married to prevent cath Succession Queen felt issue was royal prerogative
28
Suitors in early years?
Dudley E's favourite probably. Horrified Cecil. Mysterious death of Amy Dudley would've made marriage too scandalous Phillip ii offered hand as.gesture but lacked serious intent as he was strongly cath Archudukes ferdinand and Charles catholic sons of emperor Ferdinand Prince Eric Sweden prot E gave little encouragement
29
1563 parliament?
E had.smallpox and seemed.likely too die If E died risk of foreign invasion, civil war and religious strufe. High level of panic among councillors
30
Problems with succession?
Misgivings about successors Lady Catherine Grey: younger sister of LJG disgraced due to marrying Earl pf Hertford without Queens permission MQS was too cath E refused to commit to naming successor
31
1566 parliament?
E pressed again by mps to marry. Mps prompted by dudley and Cecil E furious Banished Dudley from presence chamber Publicly rebuked other PC members Summoned parliament for tongue-lashing Reasserted view this was under royal prerogative
32
Duke of Anjou 1579?
Declared herself capable of having child Cecil suggested marriage to Duke of Anjou Nothing came of it some counci frightened would lead to infant kn throne under French influence after E death.
33
Final succession?
E probably tool political decision not to marry Execution of MQS meant prot james iv had best claim E's councillors wooed james to ensure they stayed in favour when he came to the crown. Cecil ensured succession and was duly rewarded
34
How did mqs anger the Lords of congregation?
Married darnley. Disastrous with mary implicated in his murder. Her subsequent marriage to Earl of Bothwell, Darnleys presumed killer she started civil war forcing her to.flee to Eng in 1567
35
How did threat kf MQS get worse from 1567?
E excommunication in 1570 absolved catholics from obeying queen In eyes of papacy She became focus of cath plots to overthrow E
36
Ridolfi plot
1571 Conspiracy for Mary to Duke of Norfolk and overthrow E Allowed.Cecil to ensure Norfolks execution for treason
37
Throckmorton plot
1583 Foreign landing in Sussex followed by overthrowing E. Foiled by Walsinghams spy network 1. Led to creation of bond of association 2. Worsened anglo-spanish relations 3. tightened conditions of mqs captivity
38
Parry rebellion?
1585 Plot to assassinate E
39
Babington plot?
1586 Mart complicit in plot to kill E but exposed by Walsinghams codebreaker Enabled Cecil to secure mqs execution
40
Why was E reluctant to execute MQS?
Saw her as family Careful not to support harsh treatment of fellow queen Politically unwise to kill MQS due to her links with Guise fam. Only signed warrant when there was.overwhelming evidence of Mary's involvement
41
Mary's trial and execution?
Tried at fotheringhay castle Privy councillors assisted by judges ( many called in sick fearing regicide of political error killing mother of james iv E delayed for 4 months Cecil used parliament to pressure E into signing warrant 1587 Mqs seen as martyr by catholics
42
How much of a threat was mqs?
Repeatedly focus of cath plots Always likely to gain support from Spain and Pope Her execution was last stage of the reformation England would remain prot
43
What 3 factors worsened Anglo-Spanish relationship in 1560s?
1. Trading activities of John Hawkins. Blockaded him in Mexico in 1568 2. E came under pressure from prot.councillors to help dutch prots but e reluctant to.support rebels challenging sovereign authority 3. Storm.forced Spanish vessels.carrying pay for army of Duke of Alba to land in England. E impounded the money. Alba seized eng property in Netherlands
44
Why else did Anglo Spanish relationship worsen by start of 1570s?
Breakdown of trade with Spain and Spanish nlands Philip encouragement of Northern rebellion and ridolfi plot
45
What happened to the sea beggars?
Dutch pirates licenced by rebel prot.leader William of Orange 1572 E expelled them forcing them to go to Netherlands. They occupied port of Brierley sparking a.full scale revolt against Spanish rule. Whether intentional from E is unknown but contributed.to bad relations
46
1576 revolt in Netherlands?
All provinces rose against the Spanish. Together produced the pacification of ghent which called for the removal of foreign troops and restoration of autonomy for the provinces The provinces argued amongst themselves and France was.ready to invade. E considered marrying Duke of anjou to maintain influence in Netherlands if it fell to france
47
Unions of Utrecht and Arras?
Divisions led to emergence of tow separate entities. Utrecht north and prot Arras south and Cath Spain made leave with Arras and used it as basis for new governor general Duke of Parma to reconquer the north.
48
How did England adopt more anti Spanish position after Spain annexed Portugal in 1580?
Supporter portuguese pretender Don antonio Knighted francis drake to anger Spanish Treated Spanish ambassador with contempt
49
Serious deterioration 1580?
Parmas reconquest of north gained momentum Prot leader william of orange killed 1584
50
Treaty of joinville 1584?
Phil ii and catholic league in France came to agreement Alarmed E as Cath league in France led by the guises and now allied to Spain making phil more likely to support mqs
51
Why did E change from harassment to direct action in 1585?
Murder of william of orange 1584 Duke of parma regaining control of the Netherlands
52
Treaty of Nonsuch 1585?
Between E and Dutch rebel govt E would provide 5000 troops and 1000 cavalry Dutch hand over flushing and Brill E accept title of Protector of the Netherlands Eng troops sent under Dudley Drake sent to raid Spanish in Caribbean = inviting war with spain
53
Results of Dudley campaign?
Troops badly paid and ill disciplined alienating Dutch Dutch felt betrayed when 2 senior officers joined parma Eng commanders argued. Dudley argued with Dutch who though E was making deal with parma behind their backs Leicester returned to Eng in jan 1588 resigning his command.
54
Spanish Armada 1588?
Phillip convinced he was in cath crusade Armada was huge with vessels and their crews commandeered from Portugal. 3 sailing delayed by English attacks at Cadiz 1587. Armada set sail in 1588 They were meant to go to Spanish Netherlands where parmas army could board. This failed Engaged in battle in english channel 30 July to 8th August In the end forced to retreat due to wind up to Scotland and around Ireland. This was hazardous route and many more ships were lost.
55
Why did the armada fail?
Parmas army failed to board Armada was lead by inexperienced Duke of Medina Sidonia Eng quick to exploit weather. E propaganda said protestant wind favoured England Eng ships were more agile and had better cannons
56
Describe continuing war with Spain
Dragged on at great expense for 16 years. Didn't conclude until phil and E dead. E sought national security above all Many at court saw England as being in war for.survival against universal catholic conspiracy
57
War at sea?
Some argued eng more successful with small scale naval attacks on Spain.and it's colonies than a land campaign
58
Cadiz and Panama?
Cadiz: from 1595 eng made 3 attacks on Spain. Including spectacular capture of cadiz sinking 4 galleons. However failed to follow up strategically Panama: Hawkins and Drake attacked Panama 1596 seeing it as weak spot of spanish empire. Failed and both died
59
War in NW Spain?
Tried to exploit rebellion in Ireland Essex Tried to attack Spain to stop reaching Ireland but blown off course.and instead went to Azores highlighting priority for money superceding war Spanish fleet could have made it to Ireland but blown off course by wind
60
Fear of invasion 1599?
Prompted by false intelligence. After this naval activity centered on stopping Spanish activity in Ireland
61
War with Spain in the Netherlands?
For several years after 1588 Netherlands remained main battleground with Spain 1589 Francis Ver3 made commander of Eng forces and formed strong relationships with Dutch leader Mauric of Nassau Dutch helped pay.for expensive cost of Eng force
62
Assessment of E FP?
Broadly successful She and councillors established more hard headed approach rather than driven.by desire for.glory Conflict with Spain long and expensive but Eng fared better overall enhancing E's reputation

Tudors (4 decks)

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