Tropical Rainforests and Cold Environments Flashcards
13 Lessons - 42 Define Questions (142 cards)
1
Q
Define: Ecosystem
A
Natural Environment that includes plants and animals
2
Q
Define: Biotic
A
Living components e.g. plant
3
Q
Define: Abiotic
A
Non-living e.g. climate
4
Q
Define: Biome
A
A large ecosystem
5
Q
Define: Interdependence
A
When one thing relies on another thing to help survive
6
Q
Define: Drought
A
A period of time without average rainfall
7
Q
Define: Deforestation
A
Cutting down trees
8
Q
Define: High Pressure
A
Cool Air Sinking
9
Q
Define: Low Pressure
A
Warm Air Rising
10
Q
Define: Biodiversity
A
A variety of plants and animals
11
Q
Define: Climate Graph
A
A graph showing the precipitation and temperature place
12
Q
Define: Adaptation
A
Changing to suit a certain enironment
13
Q
Define: Selective Logging
A
Choosing older trees to cut down
14
Q
Define: Subsistence Farming
A
Growing foods for own needs
15
Q
Define: Commercial Farming
A
Growing for profit
16
Q
Define: Soil Erosion
A
A gradual process that occurs when the impact of water or wind removes soil
17
Q
Define: Economic Development
A
Creation of Wealth
18
Q
Define: Indigenous Tribes
A
Local and Native People
19
Q
Define: Sustainable
A
Meeting the needs of the present without harming for future generations
20
Q
Define: Ecotourism
A
Tourism that intended to protect to support the local environment
21
Q
Define: Polar
A
Found very north and south of the world
22
Q
Define: Tundra
A
Treeless regions found in the Artic
23
Q
Define: Mineral Extraction
A
Process of extracting mineral from the earth
24
Q
Define: Energy Development
A
Obtaining sources of energy
25
Define: Economic Development
Creation of wealth
26
Define: Extreme Environment
A habitat characterised with harsh conditions
27
Define: Wilderness
Remote, unspoilt parts of the world
28
Define: Fragile
Something that can easily be destroyed or threatened
29
Define: Logging
The business of cutting down trees and transporting the logs to the sawmills
30
Define: Debt Reduction
Countries are relieved of some of their debt in return for protecting their rainforests
31
Define: Soil Erosion
Removal of topsoil faster than it can be replaced due to animal and human activity
32
Define: Biodiversity
The variety of life in the world or a particular habitat
33
Define: Mineral Extraction
The removal of solid resources from the earth
34
Define: Global Ecosystem
Very large ecological areas on the earth's surface
35
Define: Infrastructure
The basic equipment and structures that are needed for a country or region to function properly
36
Define: Permafrost
Permanently frozen ground, found in polar and tundra regions
37
L1 - Ecosystems: What abiotic/non-living components are ecosystems dependent on?
- Climate (temperature and amount of rainfall)
- Soil (provides nutrients)
- Water (amount of water available)
38
L1 - Ecosystems: Name an example of a small-scale ecosystem.
- Pond
- Woodland
39
L1 - Ecosystems: Name an example of a global scale ecosystem.
- Tropical Rainforest
- Deciduous Woodland
40
L1 - Ecosystems: What are global scale ecosystems also known as?
Biomes
41
Define: Producer
An organism or plant that is able to absorb energy from the sun through photosynthesis
42
Define: Consumer
Creature that eats herbivores and/or plant matter
43
Define: Decomposer
An organism such as bacterium or fungus, that breaks down dead tissue, which is then recycled to the environment
44
Define: Food Chain
The connections between different organisms (plants and animals) that rely upon one another as their source of food.
45
Define: Food Web
A complex hierarchy of plants and animals relying on each other for food
46
Define: Nutrient Cycle
A set of processes whereby organisms extract minerals necessary for growth from soil or water, before passing the on through the food chain - and ultimately back to the soil and water.
47
L2 - How does change affect ecosystems: Name two ways a change in an ecosystem can occur.
- Naturally
- Result of human activity
48
L2 - How does change affect ecosystems: Name a global scale change.
Climate Change
49
L2 - How does change affect ecosystems: Name a local scale change.
Changes to a habitat, such as a hedge being removed
50
L2 - How does change affect ecosystems: How do you think deforestation will change an environment?
- Birds will have less space for nests
- Biodiversity goes down
- Nutrients from soil is washed away
- Makes an open space which makes it unsafe to live in because of predators
51
L2 - How does change affect ecosystems: What is our UK Ecosystems Case Study?
Epping Forest, Essex
52
L2 - How does change affect ecosystems: What happens in Spring in Epping Forest, Essex?
Flowering plants (producers) such as bluebells store nutrients to be eaten by consumers later
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L2 - How does change affect ecosystems: What happens in Summer in Epping Forest, Essex?
Broad tree leaves grow quickly to maximise photosynthesis
54
L2 - How does change affect ecosystems: What happens in Autumn in Epping Forest, Essex?
Trees shed leaves to conserve energy due to sunlight hours decreasing
55
L2 - How does change affect ecosystems: What happens in Winter in Epping Forest, Essex?
Bacteria decompose the leaf litter, releasing the nutrients into the soil
56
L3 - Global ecosystems: In biomes/large-scale ecosystems what are the 3 factors that are important factors to the climate of a place?
- Latitude
- Air Pressure
- Winds
57
L3 - Global ecosystems: How is the temperature in lower latitudes?
Temperatures are the highest as it around the equator
58
L3 - Global ecosystems: How is the temperature in the higher latitudes?
Temperature are the lowest as it is in the polar regions
59
L3 - Global ecosystems: Why are the temperature higher in lower latitudes?
The sunlight has a smaller area of atmosphere to pass through and the sun rays are more concentrated in a smaller area
60
L3 - Global ecosystems: Why are the temperatures lower in higher latitudes?
Sunlight has a larger area of atmosphere to pass through and the sun is at a lower angle in the sky
61
L3 - Global ecosystems: Where are Tropical Rainforests located from the equator?
23.5° north - 23.5° south of the equator
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L3 - Global ecosystems: Where are Tropical Grassland or Savannah located from the equator?
Mainly between 5° and 15° North or South of the equator
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L3 - Global ecosystems: Where are Deserts located from the equator?
15-30° North or South of the Equator
64
L3 - Global ecosystems: Where is Mediterranean located from the equator?
30-40° North or South of the equator
65
L3 - Global ecosystems: Where are Mixed and Deciduous Forests / Temperate Forests located from the equator?
40-60° North or South of the equator
66
L3 - Global ecosystems: Where are Temperate Grasslands located from the equator?
40-60° North or South of the Equator
67
L3 - Global ecosystems: Where are Coniferous Forests (Taiga) / Boreal Forests located?
60° North of the equator and on mountains
68
L3 - Global ecosystems: Where are Tundra Regions located from the equator?
Above 60° North of the equator in Northern Europe, Alaska and Russia
69
L4 - Characteristics of Tropical Rainforests: What is the annual temperatures in a Tropical Rainforest?
Average around 26°C, shows little variation and rarely exceeds 35°C
70
L4 - Characteristics of Tropical Rainforests: What are the Rainfall levels like in Tropical Rainforests?
High, typically over 2000mm per year
71
L4 - Characteristics of Tropical Rainforests: What are the 4 layers of a tropical rainforest in the correct order?
1) Shrub Layer
2) Under Canopy
3) Canopy
4) Emergent
72
L5 - Plant and Animal adaption in the Tropical Rainforest: What are the 5 adaptions that allow plant to survive in the conditions of the rainforest?
- Lianas
- Thin Tree Trunks
- Drip Tips
- Buttress Roots
- Epiphytes
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L5 - Plant and Animal adaption in the Tropical Rainforest: What Lianas?
They are *woody vines* that have roots in the ground but climb up the trees to *reach the sunlight.* Their leaves and flowers grow in the canopy
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L5 - Plant and Animal adaption in the Tropical Rainforest: Why are Thin Tree Trunks a good adaption to have and why do they have it?
The temperature throughout the year is typically between 26-28C
75
L5 - Plant and Animal adaption in the Tropical Rainforest: What are Drip Tips and why are they a useful adaption to have?
*Plants that have leaves with thick, waxy, pointy tips.* This allows the water to run off quicker which mean there is *no standing water for fungi and bacteria to grow in*
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L5 - Plant and Animal adaption in the Tropical Rainforest: What are Buttress Roots and why are they a good adaption to have?
Large roots that have ridges which creates a *large surface area* that can help to *support large trees* as high as 20-40m in height. They also *grow wider rather deeper* as nutrients are in the top layer of soil
77
L5 - Plant and Animal adaption in the Tropical Rainforest: What are Epiphytes?
Plants that *grow on the surface of another plant.* They get their moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, water or debris accumulating around it`
78
L5 - Plant and Animal adaption in the Tropical Rainforest: What is the Poison Dart Frog known for and what is its adaptions?
*Bright coloured skin* to warn predator against eating it as its *skin excretes poison*
79
L5 - Plant and Animal adaption in the Tropical Rainforest: What is the main physical adaption of the spider monkey?
Prehensile Tail, it makes it able to grab branches of trees easier and gives it strength
80
L6 - Causes of Deforestation: Where is the rate of Deforestation increasing faster than any tropical country in the world?
The Amazon Rainforest
81
L6 - Causes of Deforestation: Where is the Amazon Rainforest located?
- Within the *Amazon River Basin*
- It covers some 40% of the South American continent
- *Brazil*, Bolivia, *Peru*, Educador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana and Suriname (remember 2)
82
L6 - Causes of Deforestation: How many species are known to be found in the Amazon Rainforest?
Over 80% of all species on land
83
L6 - Causes of Deforestation: Name the 6 reasons why Deforestation happens.
- Logging
- Road Building
- Energy Development
- Mineral Extraction
- Population Pressure
- Farming
84
L6 - Causes of Deforestation: What is Logging?
Where trees are chopped down. However only high-value timber is wanted so selective logging is done, this is where only the trees needed are chopped down.
85
L6 - Causes of Deforestation: Why is Road Building necessary?
To access the Amazon Rainforest and bring in heavy machinery and to send goods to the market. Once a road is made it opens up the rainforest to other users and houses are created, causing more deforestation
86
L6 - Causes of Deforestation: Why is Energy Development necessary in the Amazon Rainforest?
There is an unlimited amount of water supply and this leads to dams and reservoirs being created and space is needed for them, this means trees are chopped down
87
L6 - Causes of Deforestation: What is the primary type of mining in the Amazon Rainforest?
Mining for gold. However you can mine also for iron ore, bauxite and oil.
88
L6 - Causes of Deforestation: Why is population pressure a problem when it comes to Deforestation?
As industry develops more people come over for a job and this means more homes are needed to be built which causes more deforestation
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L6 - Causes of Deforestation: Why is farming a problem when it comes to Deforestation?
Areas are cleared of trees so that farming can occur, this would be a lot of trees that would be needed to be chopped down.
90
L7 - Impacts of Deforestation in Malaysia: What are the 5 impacts of Deforestation and is it Positive or Negative?
- Soil Erosion - Negative
- Loss of Biodiversity - Negative
- Attribution to Climate Change on a Global Scale - Negative
- Economic Development (gains) - Positive
- Economic Development (losses) - Negative
91
L7 - Impacts of Deforestation: What are the 3 Economic Gains?
- Trading Cattle
- Jobs for Local People
- Improvements on Education
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L7 - Impacts of Deforestation: What are the 4 Economic Losses?
- Loss of Animals
- Loss of Plants
- Loss of Resources
- Reduces in Attractiveness which causes a decline in tourism
93
L8 - Why do we need to manage the Tropical Rainforests?: What are the 5 things that makes the Tropical Rainforests have value to people?
- Resources
- Medicine
- Indigenous Tribes
- Energy
- Employment
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L8 - Why do we need to manage the Tropical Rainforests?: What type of resources can be found? (remember 3)
- gold
- bauxite
- iron ore
- silver
- bananas
- sugar
- cocoa
- cinnamon
- vanilla
95
L8 - Why do we need to manage the Tropical Rainforests?: How much of all medicines come from the rainforest?
25%
2000 plants
Only 1% of all plants have been tested
96
L8 - Why do we need to manage the Tropical Rainforests?: What jobs can you get from a Tropical Rainforest?
- mining
- logging
- farming
- construction
- tour guides
97
L8 - Why do we need to manage the Tropical Rainforests?: What are the 5 things that makes the Tropical Rainforests have value to the environment?
- water
- biodiversity
- climate
- climate change
- soil erosion
98
L8 - Why do we need to manage the Tropical Rainforests?: How much of the world's fresh water comes from the Amazon Basin alone?
20%
99
L8 - Why do we need to manage the Tropical Rainforests?: How many of the known plant and animals exist in tropical rainforests?
50%
100
L8 - Why do we need to manage the Tropical Rainforests?: How much of the worlds oxygen is generated in tropical rainforests?
28%
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L8 - Why do we need to manage the Tropical Rainforests?: Rainforests are an important what when it come to climate change?
carbon sink
102
L9 - Sustainable management of tropical rainforests: What are the three categories that sustainable ways tropical rainforests can be managed?
- International
- National
- Local
103
L9 - Sustainable management of tropical rainforests: What is the one way that tropical rainforests can be managed sustainably locally?
Selective Logging
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L9 - Sustainable management of tropical rainforests: What is selective logging?
Only certain trees are chopped down, for example only the old trees.
105
L9 - Sustainable management of tropical rainforests: What are the two ways that tropical rainforests are managed sustainably nationally?
- Education and Conservation
- Ecotourism
106
L9 - Sustainable management of tropical rainforests: What is Ecotourism?
- It creates jobs as a tour guide
- It educates people on how to look after a tropical rainforest
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L9 - Sustainable management of tropical rainforests: What are the two ways that tropical rainforests are managed sustainably internationally?
- International Agreements
- Debt Reduction Programme
108
L9 - Sustainable management of tropical rainforests: What is the International Agreement?
To restrict wood that is not from a sustainable source being imported into countries
109
L9 - Sustainable management of tropical rainforests: Case Study - Amazon Rainforest, What are the four sustainable ways it is being manages?
- Conservation - Central Amazon Conservation Complex (CACC) covers over 60 000 km²
- Selective logging - Only old trees are chopped down
- International Agreements - Try to reduce illegal logging
- Ecotourism - Employs local people which creates a better quality of life for them
110
L10 - Characteristics of cold environments: What is colder, Polar or Tundra?
Polar
111
L10 - Characteristics of cold environments: Where are Polar Environments located?
- The Arctic Circle
- Northern Russia, Greenland, Northern Canada - Northern Hemisphere
- Antarctic - Southern Hemisphere
112
L10 - Characteristics of cold environments: Where are Tundra Environments located?
- The Antarctic Circle
- Northern Hemisphere between the ice-covered pole and taiga
- In coniferous forests
-20% of the Earth's land surface
113
L10 - Characteristics of cold environments: Name the climate in Polar Regions.
Negative Temperatures, -50°C or lower
114
L10 - Characteristics of cold environments: Name the climate in Tundra Regions.
Negative Temperatures, -30°C or lower
Little Rainfall
115
L10 - Characteristics of cold environments: What are the soils like in Polar Regions?
Frozen
Permafrost
116
L10 - Characteristics of cold environments: What are the soils like in Tundra Regions?
Muddy
117
L10 - Characteristics of cold environments: What are plants like in Polar Regions?
Flowers in short seasons
118
L10 - Characteristics of cold environments: What are plants like in Tundra Regions?
Shallow Roots
Grow close together
119
L10 - Characteristics of cold environments: What animal can be found in Polar Regions?
Polar Bears - walk slow, thick fur and skin, small ears and white to camoflauge
120
L10 - Characteristics of cold environments: What animal can be found in Tundra Regions?
Arctic Fox - thick fur, white to camoflauge, fur on paws
121
L11 - Opportunities for development in Svalbard: Where is Svalbard?
- Norwegian Territory
- Northern Europe
- Arctic Ocean
122
L11 - Opportunities for development in Svalbard: Tundra or Polar Region?
Polar Region
123
L11 - Opportunities for development in Svalbard: How many major islands?
5
124
L11 - Opportunities for development in Svalbard: Population of what?
2700 people, most in the main town of Longyearbyen
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L11 - Opportunities for development in Svalbard: What are the opportunities for economic development?
- Mineral Extraction
- Energy Development
- Tourism
- Fishing
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L11 - Opportunities for development in Svalbard: How will mineral extraction create opportunities for development in Svalbard?
It can create jobs and also gives them something to trade to them give money for
127
L11 - Opportunities for development in Svalbard: How will energy development create opportunities for development in Svalbard?
It would make them less coal dependent
128
L11 - Opportunities for development in Svalbard: How will fishing create opportunities for development in Svalbard?
They can export what they catch to jain money, and it creates jobs
129
L11 - Opportunities for development in Svalbard: How will tourism create opportunities for development in Svalbard?
Cruises are allowing more people to go there than ever before, more modern facilities, cheaper to go now
130
L12 - Challenges of development in Svalbard: How will the extreme weather create challenges in Svalbard?
- Would be very difficult to do construction
- Fishing would be hard to do
- People are less productive
131
L12 - Challenges of development in Svalbard: How will construction create challenges for development in Svalbard?
- Permafrost has to protected as if it melts it can cause buildings to be unstable
- Most roads have to be dirt or gravel
- Most can only be done in the limited summer months
132
L12 - Challenges of development in Svalbard: How will services and utilities create challenges for development in Svalbard?
- The pipes have to be above ground and not touching it so it doesn't melt the permafrost
133
L12 - Challenges of development in Svalbard: How will inaccessibility create challenges for development in Svalbard?
- They need the money from people travelling to upgrade their towns and keep everything safe
- Only one airport
134
L13 - Cold environments under threat: What do off-road driving create?
Deep tire marks through swampy tundra, this can cause other people getting stuck
135
L13 - Cold environments under threat: What are the 5 reasons why cold environments should be protected?
- They are fragile environments
- Some indigenous people live there and their culture depends on the natural environment
- Home to range of species
- Global moral responsibility to protect wilderness areas
- Scientists need access to conduct research into global processes
136
L13 - Cold environments under threat: What are the 4 opportunities for economic development in cold environments?
- The use of technology
- Action by governments
- International Agreements
- Conservation groups
137
L13 - Cold environments under threat: Why was the trans-Alaskan pipeline built?
- America had a huge shortage and were in need of oil
- Made it easier to drill for oil
- Was make in the 1950's/1960's
138
L13 - Cold environments under threat: What does The Antarctic Treaty do?
- Protects the environment from being damaged as there are strict controls on how it is being used and ensure it is here for future generations
- Protects biodiversity
139
L13 - Cold environments under threat: How much of Svalbard's Islands are protected in some way?
60%
140
L13 - Cold environments under threat: How are hotels built in Svalbard?
- On stilts
- Sustainable wood
- triple-glazed
- well insulated
141
L13 - Cold environments under threat: What are the strong arguments in favour of protecting wilderness areas from economic development?
- Wilderness areas are fragile and are easily damaged by economic activities
- Untouched natural environments form important outdoor laboratories for scientific research
- Rare plants and animals will be protected
142
L13 - Cold environments under threat: What are the strong arguments against of protecting wilderness areas from economic development?
- Cold environments are rich in resources, such as oil, precious minerals, fish and timber
- Over 4 million people already live in the Arctic largely in balance with the environment
- Technology now allows cold environments to be exploited with less impact
