trust Flashcards
(35 cards)
What is the sensorimotor stage of development according to Piaget’s developmental stages
Infant (0-2yrs) explores world thru direct sensory/motor contactObject permanence and separation anxiety develops in this stage Lays foundation for future stages (preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational)
What is social learning?
Learning from other people.
Do children absorb all information equally?
No, they do not absorb all information equally.
What is selective social learning?
Deciding who to trust when learning from others.
What are key concepts for trust?
Epistemic vigilance
- Selective social learning
- Testimony
- Trust
What are the learning objectives for this topic?
Understand selective learning and its cognitive underpinnings
- Be familiar with research on children’s selective learning from others
- Critically evaluate methodology in this research area
- Understand relevance of epistemic vigilance to the digital domain
Why study trust and selective social learning?
Humans are highly social, much knowledge is acquired socially.
- The social world is a valuable source of information but also a potential source of misinformation.
- Effective learning from others requires deciding who to trust.
What are Piaget and Vygotsky’s views on social learning?
Piaget: Child as “autodidact” (learns best by own exploration and interpretation).
- Vygotsky: Learning occurs in collaboration with more knowledgeable others; scaffolding.
What is testimony in learning?
Information received from others rather than direct observation.
- Enables learning about things not directly observable, e.g., distant places, history, social norms.
- Testimony is an efficient way to transmit knowledge.
What are types of learning from others?
Formal learning: Explicit instruction, e.g., teaching.
- Informal learning: Imitation, conversation, overheard speech.
- Indirect learning: Books, TV, internet.
Why is testimony problematic?
Testimony is not always reliable; not all information received is accurate.
- Not all informants are equally knowledgeable or honest.
What are two key factors in evaluating informants?
Competence: Knowledge, reliability, expertise.
- Benevolence: Goodwill, honesty, intent.
What is epistemic vigilance (Sperber et al., 2010)?
Epistemic vigilance: Evaluating source credibility and claim plausibility before accepting information.
- Epistemic vigilance is essential to effective social learning.
Why do we need epistemic vigilance?
Social learning is adaptive but gullibility is dangerous.
- Must balance benefits of social learning with risk of being misled.
What is the classic view of children and trust?
Classic view: Children are highly credulous, believe what they are told (Reid, 1764; Russell, 1921; Wittgenstein, 1969).
- Piaget: Doubt and disbelief emerge later in development.
What is the ‘biased to believe’ account?
Modern accounts: Children are “biased to believe” testimony.
- Dawkins (1995), Gilbert (1991): Children’s credulity may be adaptive.
What is early skepticism in children?
Even infants show skepticism: 16-month-olds reject blatantly false claims (Koenig & Echols, 2003; Pea, 1980).
- 3- to 4-year-olds reject claims inconsistent with perception (Clement et al., 2004).
What is social referencing (Sorce et al., 1985)?
Infants look to caregiver’s reaction in ambiguous situations.
- Slope experiment: 12-month-olds cross ambiguous slopes if mother smiles, avoid if mother shows fear.
What did Tamis-LeMonda et al. (2008) show about social vs perceptual info?
18-month-olds ignore advice when perceptual information is clear, use advice when risk is ambiguous.
What is the ‘biased to believe’ phenomenon?
Children sometimes accept conflicting claims:
- Jaswal & Markman (2007): Accept labels conflicting with perception.
- Jaswal (2004): 4-year-olds more likely to accept conflict if explanation is plausible.
- Chan & Tardiff (2013): 6–8-year-olds more likely to accept when stimuli ambiguous.
How does prior knowledge influence trust?
Children rely on own knowledge when strong.
- Accept implausible claims when their own knowledge is weak/ambiguous.
Are children ‘too trusting’?
Children sometimes continue to trust inaccurate informants (Jaswal et al., 2010).
- Children may not stop believing even when repeatedly deceived.
Why aren’t children always epistemically vigilant?
Inhibiting expectation that people tell the truth requires executive function (EF; Jaswal, 2014; Heyman et al., 2013).
- Awareness that people may deceive requires theory of mind (ToM; Lucas et al., 2013; Brosseau-Liard et al., 2015; Pasquini et al., 2007).
What cues do children use for selective trust?
Past accuracy
- Age
- Expertise
- Confidence
- Familiarity
- Group membership
- Attractiveness
- Benevolence
- Consensus
- Accent
- Attire (dress)
- Gender
