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Flashcards in Tubulointerstitial disease Deck (39)
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1
Q

According to KDIGO, acute kidney injury is defined by any of the following:

A

Increase in serum creatinine by ≥ 0.3mg/dLwithin 48 hours; or
Increase in serum creatinine to ≥1.5 times baseline, which is known or presumed to have occurred within the prior seven days; or
Urine volume less than .5 mL/kg/h for six hours

2
Q

Causes of Acute Kidney Injury (acute renal failure)

A

ATN – 45 percent
Prerenal disease – 21 percent

Acute on chronic renal failure – 13 percent (mostly due to ATN or prerenal disease)
Urinary tract obstruction – 10 percent
Glomerulonephritis or vasculitis – 4 percent
Acute interstitial nephritis – 2 percent
Atheroemboli – 1 percent

3
Q

Can divide kidney diseases into those that affect the basic morphologic components:

A

Blood vessels
Tubules
Interstitium
Glomeruli

4
Q

most common cause acute kidney injury

A

Acute tubular injury is the most common cause acute kidney injury (acute renal failure)

clinical outcome is determined by the magnitude and duration of acute tubular injury.

5
Q

Acute tubular injury (ATI) Major causes

A

Ischemia

Nephrotoxic:
- Endogenous toxins
myoglobin, hemoglobin, monoclonal light chain, bilirubin

  • Exogenous toxins
    drugs, radio-contrast dyes, heavy metals, solvents
6
Q

Patterns of Tubular Damage

in Acute Kidney Injury

A

Ischemic
- Patchy necrosis

Toxic
- Mixed patchy and Continuous necrosis

Casts
- Distal tubules and collecting ducts

7
Q

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)Clinical Course

A
Initiating phase: Lasts ~ 24-36 hrs from injury
Progressive azotemia (increased BUN, Creatinine)
Progressive oliguria (decreased GFR)
Maintenance phase: Oliguria (40 – 400 ml/24 hours) 
Azotemia (high)
Metabolic acidosis and hyperkalemia
May be highly transient 
	Not clinically evident 50% cases

Recovery phase
Polyuria (tubules still injured so water & ion loss persists)
Hypokalemia
Decreasing Azotemia (as tubule function recovers)

8
Q

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Prognosis

A

Prognosis Relates to Underlying Etiology

Remove underlying cause or brief insult (nephrotoxic):
95% Recovery

Prolonged shock 2o to extensive burns, sepsis… (ischemia):
50% Recovery

9
Q

Renal Tubular EpitheliumToxins

A
Antiviral agents
NSAIDs
Antibiotics
Immunomodulatory agents
Antineoplastic agents
Radiologic contrast media
Narcotics
Anesthetics
Herbal medications
10
Q

Proximal tubular epithelial cells have exceptionally high energy requirements and are thus quite susceptible to

A

ischemia

11
Q

Tubulointerstitial Nephritis- defn and types

A
  • kidney diseases that involve structures in the kidney outside the glomerulus.

two common clinical presentations:
acute and chronic

Primary- limited to the tubules and the interstitium

Secondary- associated with a primary glomerular, vascular or systemic disease

12
Q

Tubulointerstitial nephritis

Causative factors

A

Drugs 75%

Infection 5%

13
Q

Now AIN is most often associated with

A

drugs 75-90% (antibiotics, NSAIDs)

rare in children

an uncommon cause of acute kidney injury

14
Q

most common causes of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis

A

Hypersensitivity reaction to drugs or infectious agents

present with rash, fever, eosinophilia

15
Q

Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis

A

causes a decline in creatinine clearance and is characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate in the kidney interstitium.

often reversible

Symptoms usually develop days to a few weeks after drug is started

Pathologic hallmark : inflammatory infiltrates within the interstitium usually sparing glomeruli and blood vessels

Rarely show immune deposits

16
Q

Drug-induced Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis Prognosis and Management

A

Withdrawal of drug –> Recover normal or near normal renal function within weeks (12% do not recover renal function)
Worst prognosis with increasing age, renal failure lasting longer than three weeks

17
Q

Chronic tubulointerstitial nephr

A

Characterized by progressive scarring

Progression of primary glomerular diseases –> chronic glomerulonephritis –> Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis –> ESRD

18
Q

Primary Chronic Interstitial Nephritis Causative Factors

A

Analgesic nephropathy (rare since the withdrawal of phenacitin)
NSAIDs
Balkan endemic

(Lithium, 5-aminosalicylic acid, chinese herb nephropathy, heavy metals, radiation nephropathy)

19
Q

Balkan nephropathy (chronic interstitial nephritis)

A

Endemic kidney disease confined to Balkan geographic area (Croatia, Romania, Serbia, Albania…)
Results from contamination of wheat flour with aristolochia acids from endemic plant.

20
Q

Primary Chronic Interstitial Nephritis Clinical Manifestations

A

indidious onset, tubular dysfunction (renal tubular acidosis, increased urine frequencey), anemia (loss of erythropoietin producing interstitial cells)

21
Q

Acute Pyelonephritis

A

suppurative inflammation of the kidney, reaches by hematogenous spread or MORE COMMONLY through the ureters in association with vesicoureteral reflux

more common in females than males

22
Q

UTI commonly causd by

A

E. coli (80-85%)

also catheter-associated infections

23
Q

Chronic pyelonephritis

A

Vesicoureteral reflux and/or obstruction –> Recurrent pyelonephritis

24
Q

Pathways of renal infection

A

Acute pyelonephritis is almost always the result of ascending cystitis infection.

Defective Vesicoureteral Junction (50% children with UTIs have reflux)

Bladder Outlet Obstruction
(older males with prostatic hypertrophy)

25
Q

Most common cause of reflux

A

Congenital- partial or complete lack of oblique entry/angle of the intravesical portion of the ureter

26
Q

acute pyelonephritis: predisposing medical conditions

A
Diabetes
Pregnancy
Immunosuppression
Instrumentation
Obstruction to urinary outflow
27
Q

Acute pyelonephritis clinical findings and histologic hallmarks

A

Clinical findings of acute pyelonephritis
Fever, malaise, and flank pain.
Costovertebral angle tenderness may be observed on physical examination

Histologic hallmarks acute pyelonephritis
Patchy interstitial suppurative inflammation
Intratubular aggregates of neutrophils
Neutrophilic tubulitis
Tubular necrosis

28
Q

what pattern of acute pyelonephritis is most typical of hematogenous dissemination?

A

microabscesses (cortical)

Abscesses are apparent on the cut surface of the cortex, and there are straight yellow streaks and hyperemia in the medulla. The pelvic mucosa is congested, granular, and dull

29
Q

Acute Pyelonephritis Involving Kidney Allografts

A

(Polyomavirus Nephropathy)

need to decrease immunosuppressive drugs.

–> allograft failure in up to 5%

30
Q

Urinary Tract Defense Mechanisms

A

Extrinsic bladder mechanisms:
Endogenous bacteria protect by lowering local pH (lactobacillus), steric hindrance and competition for receptor sites
Surface mucosal antibodies

Intrinsic bladder mechanisms:
Relatively low pH of urine, high urine osmolality and high urea content suppress bacterial growth
Glycosaminoglycans line the urothelium
Tamm-Horsfall proteins bind type I fimbriae preventing bacterial attachment

31
Q

Complications of Acute Pyelonephritis

A

Papillary necrosis (esp. in diabetics and complete urinary tract obstruction)

Pyonephosis- exudate cannot drain

Perinephric abscess

32
Q

Early stages of renal papillary necrosis

A

involve the tip of the renal papilla.

loss of cellular definition, loss of staining affinity in the area of the papillary tip

33
Q

Chronic pyelonephritis can be divided into two forms:

A
Reflux nephropathy (most common form)
Chronic obstructive pyelonephritis
34
Q

name staghorn calculus.

A

Sometimes a very large calculus nearly fills the calyceal system, with extensions into calyces that give the appearance of a stag’s (deer) horns—hence

35
Q

Morphologic hallmarks of chronic pyelonephritis

A

Medullary scars
deformed calyces
***plasma cells (most characteristic) and lymphocytes –> interstitial fibrosis and scarring
tubular atrophy with proteinaceous casts (thyroidization) –> interstitial fibrosis and sclerosis of glomeruli

36
Q

Pyelonephritis key concepts

A

caused by infection via the ascending (more common) or hematogenous route. Obstructive lesions = predisposing factors

Bacteria are the most common infectious agent

Chronic pyelonephritis ensues when anatomic anomalies result in urine reflux or urine outflow obstruction

37
Q

Systemic Diseases Associated with Tubulointerstitial Nephritis

A
Sarcoidosis
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Usually associated with some glomerular abnormalities
Sjogren’s syndrome
Urate Nephropathy
Post chemotherapy for lymphoma/leukemia
Hyperuricemia (gout)
Hypercalcemia  Extensive calcinosis
Light chain nephropathy (Myeloma kidney)
Hepatorenal syndrome
38
Q

Urate Nephropathy

A

Acute caused by precipitation of uric acid crystals in renal tubules (chemotherapy for hematologic malignancies)

Chronic associated protracted hyperuricemia, tubule crystal deposits and inflammatory reaction

Uric acid stones and urinary tract obstruction

39
Q

Light Chain Nephropathy

A

(multiple myeloma)
Usually chronic kidney disease develops insidiously and progresses slowly
Bence-Jones proteinuria directly toxic to tubular cells and forms tubular casts
Associated with amyloidosis
Light chain deposition disease in glomerular basement membrane and mesangium
Hypercalcemia and hyperuricemia