Tudor Foreign Policy Flashcards
(102 cards)
0
Q
Who was the King of France during Henry’s reign and when was he appointed?
A
Francis I was made king in 1515
1
Q
What was the size and population of France during Henry’s reign?
A
- The largest kingdom in Christendom (Europe) at 460,000 Km2
- population of 16 million
2
Q
Who was the king of Spain during Henry’s reign?
A
-Originally Ferdinand
- in 1515, Charles I came to power
- in 1519, Charles 1 of Spain became Charles V: emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
3
Q
What was Spain’s relationship with England during Henry’s reign?
A
- They were linked through Henry’s marriage to Catherine
- thus, England and Spain were strong allies and even following Henry’s divorce to Catherine, they remained on good terms
4
Q
When did Henry go to war with France?
A
1512-1514
5
Q
What was the Holy Roman Empire?
A
- A collection of 400 semi-autonomous states
- made up of 65 free imperial cities which were independent of the emperors rule
- ruled by an emperor but the power was greatly decentralised and each state had its own prince
6
Q
Who was Charles V?
A
- The emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and Charles I of Spain
- also ruled over parts of the Netherlands
7
Q
Who were enemies of the Holy Roman Empire?
A
- Italy: with his empire so big, Charles wanted to invade Italy
- the Ottoman Empire
- the Protestants
- French and Habsburg family fought over the Netherlands
8
Q
Was the Netherlands part of the Holy Roman Empire?
A
- Yes, but it’s borders were very ambiguous and left the empire in 1548
- France and the Hadsburg family fought over the Netherlands
9
Q
What was the papacy/Papal states?
A
- Located in central Italy & capital was Rome
- Pope, who was head of the Catholic Church, was the spiritual head of the papacy and his word carried lots of power
10
Q
What was the role of the Pope in the Papal States?
A
- spiritual head of the Papacy
- Popes word carried a lot of power over catholic leaders and states
- pope called crusades of catholic states against Islam
11
Q
What was England’s relationship with the Papacy?
A
-until the reformation of the church in the 1530’s, the Papal States were on good terms with England (before the church breakaway)
12
Q
Who were the enemies of the Papacy?
A
- The Muslim Ottoman Empire: saw them as enemies of Christianity
- typically allies with all catholic states
- Enemies of the Holy Roman Empire following the invasion of Rome in 1527
13
Q
What key event took in place in 1453 between the Papal States and the Ottoman Empire?
A
Ottoman Empire became increasingly powerful as they took Constantinople- the capital of the Eastern Christian Empire
14
Q
What was the extent of the Scottish threat to England during Henry’s reign?
A
- Scottish army, led by James IV invaded England at the 1513 Battle of Flodden in which James and the majority of the Scottish nobility were killed
- this left James V- a young boy- and Henry’s sister Margaret as regents of Scotland who thus posed very little threat for the remainder of Henry’s reign
15
Q
What was Scotland’s relationship with England?
A
Had a long history of conflict leading back to when William Wallace expelled the English army from Scotland in the 1297 Battle of Stirling Bridge
16
Q
Who were Scotland’s main ally during Henry’s reign?
A
France
-In 1512, an allegiance was created between France and Scotland as mutual enemies of England to work together to protect their borders and to defeat England
17
Q
What were Henry’s key foreign policy aims? (5)
A
Glory: wanted to establish England as a major power
Honour: establish a personal representation as a great king
France: emulate the heroic Henry V by conquering France
Dynastic security: sure up the Tudor house with a network of marriages to European houses
Trade: important to maintain good trade links for income; particularly with the Netherlands for the antwerp cloth trade
18
Q
How did the nobility aid Henry’s desire to fight abroad?
A
- the nobility, like Henry, felt it as part of their duty to fight
- they felt as though they had been restricted from fighting by Henry VII and encouraged wars
19
Q
What was Catharine’s view on England’s war with France, and why?
A
- Catharine supported the war with France as she saw it as a ‘holy war’ following the French attack of the Papal States in Italy
- Catharine was a large supporter of Holy war as a devout catholic and as her parents, Ferdinand and Isabella fought the Muslims out of Spain
20
Q
How did Henry VII attempt to improve relations with Scotland, and what affect did it have?
A
- Henry VII married off his daughter, Margaret (Henry VIII’s sister) to James IV, the king of Scotland
- This did not stop the feud between England and Scotland
21
Q
What was the ‘Holy League’?
A
A group if catholic sympathetic countries to fight the infidel France following their attempted invasion of the Papal States in Italy
22
Q
When and why did Henry VIII join the ‘Holy League’?
A
- 1511
- Allowed Henry to enter European politics and show he wanted to fight with the big European powers
23
Q
Why was a peace treaty made between England and France in 1514?
A
- England were very low on money following the initial invasion of France
- Ferdinand and Maximilian had lost interest in invading France, and thus England were forced to make peace with France
24
What were the terms of the 1514 peace treaty with France?
- France gave England Tournai
| - France paid England the arrears of the English pension that Henry VII handed in 1490
25
When and what was the Battle of Flodden?
-September 1513
- Whilst Henry was invading France, James IV of Scotland invaded England
- -> the Earl of Surrey led an army to face the Scottish and the king of Scotland and most of the scottish nobility were killed
26
What is the income of the crown in comparison to the cost of the invasion of France? What does this show about the battle with France?
Annual income for the crown: £110,000
Cost of battles in France: £1-2 million
Shows how the war was financially unsustainable (French income is 8x the English income)
27
How did Henry respond following the victory over France?
- Henry claimed that he had saved the papacy from France
- believed he was now glorious and powerful
- went back to being a playboy prince, and left the ruling to Wolsey
28
What do the English alliances with the Holy League and Spain's deserted alliance with England show about alliances and treaties in Henry's time?
- showed how powers would try to manipulate each other for their own gains
- showed the un-reliability of these alliances
29
How did Henry's lack of an heir affect his foreign policy?
-until Henry had a son, the Tudor dynasty was not secure: thus, Henry's aggressive strategy helped secure his power until he had a son
30
What gains were made from the 1513 war with France? (4)
- England gained Tournai (part of 1514 peace treaty)
- England were paid arrears of the English pension that were paid out by Henry VII in 1490 (as part of 1514 peace treaty)
- Henry seen as a warrior king across Europe
- Gave the nobility a war that they had been restricted by Henry VII
31
When did Francis I become king of France?
January 1, 1515
32
What did Francis I do as a new, young king?
- wanted to exert his authority over Europe
- sent the duke of Albany to overthrow Henry's sister, Margaret, from Scottish power (which he did successfully)
- Francis won a monumental battle against the Swiss in 1515
33
What was the affect of Francis I succession of the French throne?
-made Henry very jealous of his success and power, and thus wanted to invade France
34
How did Wolsey try to invade Francis I's France?
- tried to give Emperor Maximilian a subsidy to encourage him to fight the French but he simply accepted the money and then defected to France
- Wolsey tried to create an anti-French league but after Ferdinand died and Charles became king of Spain and emperor of HRE in 1516, he decided he wanted peace with France
35
When and what was the Treaty of London?
1518
-Following the popes call for a crusade, Wolsey created a peace treaty amongst all the European powers against the Turks
36
What were the terms of the 1518 Treaty of London?
- Guaranteed non-aggression between between major powers
| - collective security so any aggressor would be rounded upon by other states
37
When and what was the field of cloth gold?
1520
Henry VIII and Francis I met in Calais as Francis tried to convince Henry to make an allegiance with him in the Habsburg-Valois conflict
38
What was the impact of the Field of cloth Gold?
Had very little diplomatic value and it ended up with each side attempting to show off and get the better of one another
39
Following the 1520 Field of cloth gold, why did Henry decide to support Charles V? (5)
- traditional English hostility towards the French
- had important trade links with the Low Countries and the Netherlands who were protected by Charles I (Habsburg)
- Papal policy was anti-french and Henry thought it in his best interest to make allegiance with the papacy
- Charles was the nephew of Catharine of Aragon and thus the nephew of Henry through marriage
- Charles was in a weak position when he first became king of Spain as there was large revolts due to his foreign heritage, so he may offer a Henry a good deal or be indebted to him in the future
40
What was the short term affect of the Treaty of London (1518)?
- Heaped prestige upon Henry's reign as this was seen as a great moment of diplomacy and there had been violence in Europe for centuries
- ended the threat of English isolation in Europe
- led to a further Anglo-French treaty
41
What was the long term affect of the Treaty of London (1518)?
-the treaty had very little long term affect and war broke out within Europe a few years later
Eg. England signed the Treaty of Bruges with the HRE which was an alliance against France
42
Compare Henry's policy of war with France in 1513 and his policy of peace agreements eg. 1518 Treaty of London
- both added to the short term prestige of England and Henry VIII
- both were purely superficial and vacuous
- neither had an important long term effect
- Wars were far more expensive than peace
43
When and What was the Treaty of More?
1525
The English peace treaty with France in which England returned Tournai in exchange for further pensions to be paid by the French
44
Following the 1520 field of cloth gold, did Henry support Francis I or Charles V?
He supported Charles V
45
What reasons would Henry have had to make alliance with Francis I following the 1520 field of cloth gold? (4)
- an Anglo-French alliance would be the only way to end Habsburg dominance
- A deal with Charles could result with the French allying with Scotland
- Francis was in a weak position in comparison to Charles so may offer a better deal
- Henry would have had a bigger role in a partnership with France than with the HRE as they were such a large power
46
When and what was the treaty of Bruges?
1521
| Henry and Charles made an anti-French allegiance in which Mary, Henry's daughter was betrothed to Charles
47
As a result of the 1521 Treaty of Bruges, what happened in 1522, 1523 and 1525
1522: the earl of Surrey led an army into Normandy and Picardy but received very little (promised) support from Charles' troops
1523: the french Duke of Bourbourn led a rebellion against Francis as he felt he had been denied his rightful inheritance. England sent in troops for assistance but Charles sent no support
1525: Charles defeated the French army in Pavia, killing 10,000 soldiers and imprisoning Francis. The English were not present at this war
48
When was and what happened at the Battle of Pavia?
1525
- Charles V's troops destroyed the French army, killing 10,000 and imprisoning Francis
- Caused the unstable balance between the Habsburg HRE and Valois France to be completely upturned
49
How did Henry respond to the imprisoning of Francis by the HRE?
- Henry tried to persuade Charles to launch a joint invasion of France with him: Henry hoped he would be declared the king of France
- Henry and Wolsey acted quickly and by March 1525, Wolsey gave orders to raise the amicable grant to pay for the invasion
50
What was Charles' response to Henry's desired invasion of France following Francis' capture?
- Charles opposed a conquest of France
| - Charles withdrew his betrothal to Marry
51
What was the English reaction to Henry's desire to become king of France following the capture of Francis?
-the amicable grant led to serious opposition which caused a rebellion before it had even been collected
52
Why did Charles refuse a conquest of France following the 1525 Battle of Pavia?
- if Henry became king of France, his empire would be a greater threat to the HRE
- Charles' army won the battle and Henry's army wasn't even present
- Charles held the French king
53
How did Henry respond to Charles' decision not to invade France?
-In 1525, Henry signed the treaty of More- a friendship treaty with France
54
What was the European response to Charles V's release of Francis and the annihilation of the French army?
-the league of Cognac was formed in May 1526; France, Venice, the Papal States, Florence and Milan allied against the empire
55
What was England's diplomatic policy following The battle of Pavia (1525)
(2)
1526: England joined the league as a protector but not as a member
1527: England and France signed the Treaty of Amiens in which they agreed to attack Charles V
56
What were the consequences of the Battle of Pavia?
- forced England to ally with its old enemy, France
| - France and England did not go to war again until 1543
57
What were the four stages of Henry's foreign policy?
1. War with France: unsuccessful and expensive
2. peace amongst Europe eg. treaty of London
3. Alliance with Spain against France: repeatedly let down by Charles
4. Long lasting peace with France and alliance against Charles V
58
What concerns did Catharine of Aragon have by 1527?
- She had no male heir (she was 42 by this point)
- Spanish king let them down
- -> alliance with Spain was over and were enemies with Catharine's homeland
59
What would be Henry's main concerns by 1527?
- No male heir (Catharine was 42)
- Spanish betrayal
- blow to his ego with alliance with France
- still threats from Yorkists (eg. Duke of Buckingham executed in 1521)
60
What problems did Wolsey have by 1527?
- Wanted to keep the king happy and it was getting harder
| - disappointed and concerned over the outcome of the amicable grant
61
Briefly describe Anne Boleyn?
- Born in 1501 and died in 1536
- was one of Catharine's ladies in waiting
- Anne had been educated all over Europe
62
What was Anne's relationship status when Henry wanted to get with her?
-She was being courted by Lord Percy and was prepared to marry him
63
How did Henry attempt to deal with Anne Boleyn's relationship with Lord Percy?
-Henry ordered Wolsey to cancel the marriage between Anne and Lord Percy
64
Prior to Henry's divorce to Anne, what was his opinion on Christianity and the church?
He was a stronger supporter of the papacy
-He wrote a book in 1521 in response to Martin Luther's questioning of the legitimacy
65
How did Wolsey remove Lord Percy from Anne Boleyn?
He publicly denounced Anne Boleyn and told Percy for his own sake, he should stay away from her
66
How did Lord Percy and Anne Boleyn respond to Wolsey's denouncement of their relationship?
- Lord Percy burst into tears and soon was married off to another
- Anne Boleyn began to resent Wolsey
67
How did Henry try to cancel his marriage with Catharine?
- Henry said his marriage was invalid as Catharine was married to his brother
- Henry wanted to cancel the marriage with minimal fuss
68
What were Henry's & Catharine's arguments for and against the marriage?
-Henry quoted Leviticus of the bible in saying if a man marries his sister's husband, they will be childless
- Catharine countered this by saying she never slept with Arthur and thus the marriage was not consummated
- -> she later found another bible passage stating it was a mans duty to take his dead brothers wife
69
When was Anne Boleyn born, and when did she die?
Born: 1501
Died: 1536
70
When did Anne Boleyn marry Henry?
1533
71
What was Henry and Anne's relationship before their marriage?
- Henry became infatuated with Anne and wanted to make her his mistress as she was attractive and had been well educated across Europe
- Anne refused to sleep with Henry unless they were married and she was Queen
- Henry pushed ahead with his annulment to Catherine of Aragon so that he could marry Anne
- He wrote Anne many love letters and made her the 'Marquess of Pembroke' to display his affection for her
72
Who was Henry Fitzroy and how did the King deal with him?
- He was Henry VIII's illegitimate son from one of his mistresses
- The King made Henry Fitzroy the Duke of Richmond in 1525 as a back up option in case he could not produce a legitimate heir
73
Before the pope was released by Charles V, how did Wolsey plan to annul the marriage of Henry and Catherine?
He planned to take advantage of this by calling a council of archbishops to settle the matter of the English royal marriage in England
74
Why was Wolsey's plan to annul the marriage in England before the pope's release flawed?
- French cardinals were reluctant to go to England to annul the marriage
- Wolsey had a very short time frame as the Pope was released later in 1527
75
How did Wolsey try to annul Henry's and Catherine's marriage following the Pope's release from Charles?
Wolsey sought to end the marriage in England with papal permission
76
What were pope Clement VII's suggestions for how to Henry to end the marriage?
- just to marry Anne and seek an annulment in the future
| - make Catherine withdraw to a nunnery and take her monastic vows, allowing Henry to remarry
77
Why did Henry reject the popes plan to marry Anne Boleyn and annul the marriage later?
It would of been an act of bigamy as Henry would have two wives and he did not want to call into doubt the legitimacy of any future heirs
78
What was the Pope's response for Wolsey's request to annul the marriage in England?
He accepted the request in 1528 after much procrastination
79
What was the "Spanish brief" and what was England's response to it
- It was a letter between Isabella of Castille and Julius II confirming the legitimacy of Catherine's marriage to Henry, written before their marriage
- the English believed it to be a forgery but the Spanish would not let it out of their sight
80
Who were the enemies of Henry's annulment to Catherine?
- the imperial power of Charles V who also had power over the pope and influenced his decisions
- Catherine strongly believed in the legitimacy of their marriage after 18 years and wanted to protect her daughter, Mary's claim to the throne
81
What is Praemunire?
The charge of putting the word of the pope over the word of the king
82
Describe Wolsey's downfall
- Following Wolsey's failure to annul Henry's marriage, he was charged with praemunire and sent to York
- During this time, Henry began to regain a level of contact through kind letters and sending Wolsey rings
- however, Wolsey was soon after charged with treason for contacting the pope and king of France
- He died from illness on his way to his trial in 1530
83
What were the key reasons Wolsey fell from power? (3)
- Failure to grant annulment
- the influence of his enemies over the king (eg, Anne Boleyn)
- 1527 alliance with France was unpopular with nobility
84
How did Wolsey anger the nobility? (5)
- enclosure
- amicable grant & subsidy tax
- Eltham ordinance
- justice reforms: increased convictions of nobility
- not from nobility and considered an outsider
85
How did Henry go about immediately achieving a Spanish alliance at the start of his reign?
-Married Catherine of Aragon in 1509
86
Why did the ambitious young king Henry settle for peace in 1510?
Fox and Warham, who were Henry VII's advisors, didn't want Henry to go to war
87
How did Henry manage to convince his council of the case of war in 1512?
- Papal policy was anti-French
| - Henry VII's advisors were retiring and being replaced by younger, ambitious courtiers
88
Why did Henry's expedition to France in 1512 fail?
-Ferdinand let Henry down by not bringing a significant army to France, and instead used Henry as a diversion so the Spanish could invade and control Nevarre
89
When was Henry's next invasion of France following the failure of 1512? What were the results?
1513 Battle of the Spurs: when Henry gained Tournai and Therouanne
90
What was achieved in 1513 in regards to Scotland?
England won the battle of Flodden- killed of James IV and most of the Scottish nobility
91
How much did foreign policy cost for Henry between 1511 and 1513?
£1-£2 million
92
What were the key terms of the Anglo French treaty of 1514?
- Peace
| - France agreed to pay the arrears of the pension that Henry VII gave out in the 1490's
93
How did the balance of power shift in Europe in 1515?
- Francis I became the king of France
| - He was young, ambitious and driven for wars
94
Why did Wolsey give the Holy Roman emperor a secret subsidy in 1515?
- to encourage him to attack France
| - emperor Maximilian accepted the money and then defected to France
95
Why did Wolsey's anti-French league of 1515 fail?
-Neither emperor Maximilian nor pope Leo X were interested in invading France at this point
96
What was the significance of the 1518 Treaty of London?
- all major European powers united in peace to fight a crusade against the ottomans
- the first time their had been such a widespread peace treaty
- heaped political and diplomatic prestige on England
97
What altered the balance of European power in 1519?
-Maximilian, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire died and Charles V became emperor of the HRE
98
When did the Field of the Cloth of Gold take place and what was it's significance?
1520- Francis I tried to convince Henry to ally with him against the Habsburgs
99
Why did the Field of the Cloth of Gold have such a short term effect?
-Wolsey signed the Treaty of Bruges in 1520, allying England with Charles and the HRE
100
What happened in the 1523 invasion of France?
- Charles V's troops didn't turn up and Charles was shown as being unfaithful to Henry
- Encouraged Henry not to invade France in 1525 when Charles won the Battle of Pavia
101
What was the significance for Henry and England of the battle of Pavia in 1525?
- Francis I was taken prisoner by Charles and the French army was obliterated
- Henry wanted the crown of France and wanted Charles' support in an invasion
- Henry raised the amicable grant to fund the war but Charles refused and soon released Francis
