Tuesday Flashcards

Question

What is the threshold for Neutrophilia and some possible causes?

Answer 1

ANC>11.1 x 10^9/L | Causes: Physiologic, acute inflammation, endocrine, myeloproliferative neoplasms, malignant diseases and drugs

Answer 2

Numerous large, round and red-orange granules 1-4 nuclear lobes

Answer 3

<0.01x 10^9 | Causes: Drug induced, acute inflammation ro infection

Answer 4

>0.4x 10^9/L Causes: Primary stimulating cytokines-IL-5 and IL-3 Infections, allergic disorders, loffler's syndrome, leukemias and malignant diseases

Answer 5

Numerous large round purple-block granules, two nuclear lobes often covered by granules

Answer 6

<0.01 x 10^9/L | Causes: Acute hypersensitivity reactions, administration of progesterone

Answer 7

> 0.2 x 10^9/L | Causes: Mastocytosis, lots of leukemias

Answer 8

large and eccentric nucleus, kidney/horshoes-shaped, lacey appearance, lots of cytoplasm, few granules, may have intracytoplasmic vaculoes

Answer 9

<0.2x10^9/L | Causes: aplastic anemia, hemodialysis, thermal injury, AIDS, hairy cell leukemia

Answer 10

>1.0 x 10^9L | Causes: physiologic, infants, infections, marrow disease, Hodgkin's

Answer 11

Mostly small, nucleus round or slightly indented, condensed chromatin, scanty bluish cytoplasm, a few granules

Answer 12

<1.0 x 10^9/L | Causes: Dependent on CD4+ T-cells, DiGeorge syntome, ataxia telangiectasia, Acquired, HIV,

Answer 13

> 5 x 10^9/L | Causes: Physiologic, viral infections, pertussis, Post-splenectomy

Answer 14

Small fragments of megalokaryocytes, irregular outline, light blue cytoplasm, lots of small granules

Answer 15

<140 x 10^9/L Caues: Peripheral destruction, sequestration in the spleen, inadequate production, inherited i.e. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

Answer 16

>400 x 10^9/L | Causes: Primary marrow neoplasm, reactive

Answer 17

Small RBC's, larger central pale area, target cells, all parameters decrease except RDW

Answer 18

Spherical, no central pallor, due to decreased cell membrane, increased MCHC

Answer 19

Bite-size defect due to removal to Heinz body in spleen and associated with G6PD Deficiency

Answer 20

Fragmented RBC's helmet cells, HUS, TTP, DIC, burns, HELLP, mechanical heart valves

Answer 21

Central hemoglobin and target shape, thalassemia, hemoglobin C, iron deficiency, liver disease

Answer 22

Bipolar, spiculated shape, banana shape

Answer 23

Morphology- evenly dispersed fine blue granules, content: aggregated ribosomes Causes: Lead poisoning, porphyria, hemoglobinopathies, infection

Answer 24

Morphology- single, dense, blue dot Content: Nuclear DNA remnant Causes: Post-splenectomy, functional asplenia, megaloblastic anema, myelodysplasia

Answer 25

Not visible on a Wright-Giemsa stain, need to stain with supravital dye, causes by G6PD deficiency and associated with bite cells

Answer 26

Pale blue inclusion at the periphery of the cytoplasm, infection, inflammation, burns or pregnancy contents: condensed RNA

Answer 27

lots of granules doe to rapid cell division and often associated with Dohle bodies and toxic vacuolization causes: bacterial infection, marrow recovery

Answer 28

More than five lobes, associated with megaloblastic anemia

Answer 29

PAMP- pathogen associated molecular patterns DAMP- damage associated molecular patterns the absence of normal cell surface molecules

Answer 30

Activation of the inflammatory transcription factor NF-KB

Answer 31

the dendritic cell

Answer 32

an innate response

Answer 33

antigenic determinant or epitope

Answer 34

Th1, recognize antigen and make a lymphokine that attracts thousands of macrophages, the heavy-duty phagocytes, to the area where antigen has been recognized. This intense inflammation can wipe out a serious infection—or a transplanted kidney.

Answer 35

are similar to Th1 in that their main role is to cause focused inflammation, although they are more powerful than Th1. They help resist some very tough infectious organisms, but they have been implicated in many serious forms of autoimmunity

Answer 36

Th2, stimulate macrophages to become ‘alternatively activated,’ and then function in walling-off pathogens and promoting healing, a process that usually takes place after the pathogen-killing Th1 response. They are very important in parasite immunity

Answer 37

Tfh,are stimulated by antigen and migrate from T cell areas of lymph nodes into the B cell follicles, where they help B cells get activated and make the IgM, IgG, IgE and IgA antibody subclasses.

Answer 38

Treg, make lymphokines that suppress the activation and function of Th1,Th17, and Th2 cells, so they keep the immune response in check. They are part of the Th family

Answer 39

CTL for short, destroy any body cell they identify as bearing a foreign or abnormal antigen on its surface.

Answer 40

Immunoglobulin G, is the most abundant antibody in blood. Two adjacent IgG molecules, binding an antigen such as a bacterium, cooperate to activate complement, a system of proteins that enhances inflammation and pathogen destruction. IgG is the only class of antibody that passes the placenta from mother to fetus in humans, and so is critical in protecting the newborn until it can get its own IgG synthesis going

Answer 41

IgMis a large polymeric immunoglobulin. It’s even better at activating complement than is IgG, and is the first antibody type to appear in the blood after exposure to a new antigen. It is replacedby IgG in a week or two

Answer 42

is a form of antibody inserted into B cell membranes as their antigen receptor

Answer 43

is the most important class of antibody in the secretions like saliva, tears, genitourinary and intestinal fluids, and milk. In these secretions it’s associated with another chain called Secretory Component, which it acquires from epithelial cells during the process of being secreted. Secretory Component makes it resistant to digestive enzymes. IgA plays an important role as the first line of defense against microorganisms trying to gain access to the body through the mucous membranes.

Answer 44

is designed to attach to mast cells in tissues. Thus attached, when it encounters antigen, it will cause the mast cell to make prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and cytokines, and release its granules which contain powerful mediators of inflammation like histamine. These mediators produce the symptoms of allergy, which range from hay fever and hives to asthma and anaphylactic shock, depending on the site of antigen entry and dose. The real role of IgE is in resistance to parasites, such as worms

Answer 45

is seen in patients who make too much IgE to an environmental antigen, which is often innocuous like a pollen or food. About 10% of the population has allergic symptoms. Although usually a nuisance, asthma can be life- threatening, and several people die each year of anaphylactic shock, in which the mast cells throughout the body are suddenly degranulated and release their histamine. A bee sting or certain foods can do it. We don’t know why some people are allergic; it is partly genetic, and if both your parents are allergic your risk of developing allergies goes up to over 60%

Answer 46

is autoimmunity due to antibodies which react against self. There are a number of ways this can come about: For example, if a foreign antigen happens to look like a self molecule, the response to the antigen may accidentally “cross-react” with self. And if an antigen sticks to certain cells in the body, the immune response may destroy the cells as innocent bystanders. The mechanism is what we observed in normal antibody immunity: antibody binds,complement is activated, phagocytes are attracted, and they attempt to eat the antigen. We treat these diseases with immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drugs

Answer 47

can occur whenever someone makes antibody against a soluble antigen. Immune complexes of antigen and antibody are usually eaten by phagocytes, but if they are a bit too small for that, they may instead get trapped in the basement membranes of capillaries they circulate through. This will happen mostly where there is net outward movement of fluid from blood to tissues, such as in the kidneys, joints, pleura and skin. The trapped complexes activate complement and the usual inflammatory response occurs, with the tissue damaged as an innocent bystander. No matter what the antigen is, the symptoms tend to be the same: arthritis, glomerulonephritis, pleurisy, rash. Foreign antigens that cause Type III include drugs like penicillin when given in large doses, and foreign serum, such as horse antiserum to rattlesnake venom (in fact, the syndrome is often called serum sickness.) More troublesome is when the antigen is internal, as part of an autoimmune process. Thus people with systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE, make antibody to their own DNA, some of which can always be found free in blood, and people with rheumatoid arthritis make antibody... to antibody

Answer 48

and can be autoimmune, or more commonly innocent bystander injury. For example, in tuberculosis most of the cavity formation in lungs is T cell-mediated, not bacterium-mediated. In acute viral hepatitis, most of the liver destruction is by killer T cells, just doing their job.

Tuesday Flashcards

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