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Principles of Disease > Tumor > Flashcards

Tumor Flashcards

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1
Q

tumor suppressor genes

A 
Rb 
p53 
APC 
INK4A 
Bcl2 
nm23 
BRCA 1/2
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2
Q

Rb

A

(tumor suppressor gene)

location: chromosome 13
function: nucleus - cell cycle, inhibits it until it is ready

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3
Q

p53

A

(tumor suppressor gene)

location: chromosome 17
function: nucleus - DNA repair, apoptosis

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4
Q

INK4A

A

(tumor suppressor gene)

location: chromosome 9
function: nucleus - cell cycle, p53 function

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5
Q

Bcl2

A

(tumor suppressor gene)

location: chromosome 18
function: mitochondria - apoptosis

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6
Q

nm23

A

(tumor suppressor gene)

location: chromosome 17
function: mitochondria - metastasis

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7
Q

BRCA2

A

(tumor suppressor gene)

location: chromosome 13
function: nucleus- repair
- predisposes familial breast cancer

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8
Q

APC

A

(tumor suppressor gene)

location: chromosome 5
function: cytoskeleton - cell-cell recognition (prevents the cells from overlapping one another and over proliferate y monitoring how it connects to other cells), ensure the right number of chromosomes.
- colorectal cancer

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9
Q

BRCA1

A

(tumor suppressor gene)

location: chromosome 17
function: nucleus - repair
- breast cancer

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10
Q

Oncogene examples

A 
B-raf
Cyclin D1
ErbB2 
c-Myc 
K-ras, N-ras
BCL2
RET
sis
HER2/neu
Cyclin D
CDK 4
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11
Q

tumor biomarkers

A 
alpha fetoprotein 
Carcinoma embryonic antigen (CEA)
Oestrogen receptor 
Prostate specific antigen
K-ras 
Braf
EGFR 
PD-L1
Her2
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12
Q

alpha fetoprotein

A

(tumor biomarker)
protein found in the fetus that are present in adult cancer cells.
- Teratoma of testis (men genital cancer)
- Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer)

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13
Q

CEA

A

(tumor biomarker)

colorectal cancer

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14
Q

oestrogen receptor

A

(tumor biomarker)

breast cancer

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15
Q

prostate specific antigen

A

(tumor biomarker)

prostate cancer

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16
Q

K-ras

A

is actually a gene that acts as an on/off switch for cell signalling and controls cell proliferation

  • is also a biomarker for colorectal cancer
  • point mutation
  • cancer in lung, colon, pancreas, leukaemia
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17
Q

Braf

A

(tumor biomarker)

melanoma

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18
Q

EGFR

A

(tumor biomarker)

lung cancer

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19
Q

PDL1

A 
(tumor biomarker)
lung cancer (more advanced treatment)
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20
Q

Her2

A

(tumor biomarker, is also epidermal growth factor receptor)
- breast cancer
-gastric cancer (the stomach)
can be treated with herceptin

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21
Q

enzyme that does matrix degradation in cancer spread

A

proteolytic enzymes

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22
Q

common sites of metastasis (secondary tumors)

A

Liver (common secondary tumor in colorectal cancer)
Lung
Brain
Bone (axial skeleton, rare in limb bones, usually comes from breast and prostate cancer)
Adrenal gland
Omentum (the fat found in abdominal cavity)/peritoneum (comes from ovary cancer)

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23
Q

common site of metastasis in colorectal cancer

A

liver

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24
Q

where is secondary tumor in bone likely to occur?

A

axial skeleton (rare in limb bones)
comes from:
- breast cancer
- prostate cancer

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25
secondary tumor in the fat surround ing the abdominal cavity in 1. ovarian cancer 2. other cancers
1. peritoneum | 2. omentum
26
UNcommon sites of metastasis
Spleen Kidney Skeletal muscle Heart
27
4 modes of cancer spread
local spread lymphatic spread blood spread transcoelomic spread
28
ADH and ACTH
substances secreted in malignant lung cancer that stimulates endocrine glands to produce more steroid hormones than normal - abnormal secretion of hormones because normally, lungs do not cause hormone production.
29
4 systemic side effects of malignant cancer
cancer cachexia normal/abnormal secretion of hormones paraneoplastic syndromes other treatment side effects
30
2 side effects of benign cancer
compression | obstruction
31
local side effects of malignant cancer
compression obstruction tissue destruction (ulceration, infection) bleeding pain treatment side effects (weakened immunity, inflammation)
32
define dysplasia
abnormal organ growth - can be detected by screening. is only premalignant stage, but may progress to cancer
33
define intraepithelial neoplasia
cancer cells form on the surface of tissue or organ | - can be benign or malignant
34
define hemicolectomy
removal of a part of the colon | - most likely to be malignant cancer
35
genes that cause inherited nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome
hMSH2 hMLH1 MSH6
36
examples of inherited cancers
``` familial adenomatous polyposis of colon familial retinoblastoma hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome Li-Fraimei syndrome Multiple endocrine neoplasia Von Hippel Lindau Syndrome ```
37
Tumor suppressor genes associated with inherited cancers
APC - FAP cancer p53 - Li-Fraimei, multiple carcinomas Rb - retinoblastoma, osteocarcinomas (as a result of retinoblastoma) p16 (INK4A) - malignant melanoma
38
what type of gene is Her2?
epidermal growth factor receptor
39
viruses that tend to cause cancer
HPV Hepatitis B EBV (Epstein-Barr virus)
40
HPV causes
genital, throat, anal cancer, cervical cancer
41
Hep B causes
liver cancer
42
EBV causes (a type of Herpes virus)
lymphoma
43
Florid perianal cancer define
cancer in the anus | - locally advanced with no metastasis
44
chemical carcinogen examples
mustard gas (nitrogen mustard) → leukemia Aniline dyes → bladder cancer Aflatoxin → liver Alcohol and smoking → lungs, head and neck, GI
45
what cancer does mustard gas cause
leukimia
46
what cancer does aniline dyes cause
bladder
47
what cancer does aflatoxin cause
liver
48
what cancer does alcohol and smoking cause
lungs, head and neck, GI
49
3 ways ionising radiation can cause cancer
1. Chromosome translocation 2. Gene amplification 3. Oncogene activation - fyi: risk increases with smoking - remember Aberdeen granite
50
Retroviruses HTLV1 causes
adult T cell leukaemia, lymphoma
51
Retroviruses HTLV2
hair cell leukaemia
52
BCL2 oncogene activation causes
follicular lymphoma | - done by preventing apoptosis
53
what cancer does RET (oncogene cause)
MEN2 (multiple endocrine neoplasia) | familial medullary thyroid cancer
54
genes that have to do with DAN repair (mismatch repair)
``` MLH1 MSH2 MSH6 PMS1 PMS2 ```
55
can nulliparity cause breast cancer?
YES | nulliplarity is when women has never given birth in her life.
56
genes contributing to familial breast cancer
``` High risk: BRCA1 BRCA2 TP53 PALB2 PTEN STK11 CHEK2 homozygotes ATM mutation c.7271T>G ``` ``` Moderate risk: CHEK2 heterozygous mutation ATM (except c.7271T>G) BRIP1 Possibly RAD51C and RAD51D ```
57
genes contributing to familial ovarian cancer
``` High risk: BRCA1 BRCA2 TP53 RAD51C RAD51D Mis-match repair genes ``` Moderate risk: PALB2 BARD1
58
what is the meaning of cnogenital?
present at birth
59
what is MYH
base repair gene that is responsible for CRC syndrome. - is recessive - associated with MAP of polyposis hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome
60
describe CAR
patient's T lymphocytes are taken out of the body, injected with viral therapeutic gene, and returned to the patient where it will produce surface T cell receptors called chimeric agent receptors (CAR) that will recognize specific tumor antigens.
61
define cancer cachexia
weight loss due to changes in metabolism
62
abnormal hormone production in lung cancer
caused by release if ACTH/ADH by lung cancer cells that stimulate steroid hormone production.
63
c-myc
- transcription activator | - Bur-kit lymphoma
64
cyclin D
- cell cycle regulator - translocation: mantle cell lymphoma - amplification: breast, liver, oesophageal
65
CDK4
- cyclin dependent kinase in cell cycle regulation | - amplification - melanoma
66
sis
- platelet derived growth factor | - over expression - astrocytoma, osteosarcoma
67
what mutation in leukaemia stops chemo from working?
EFGR mutation.
68
what drug can be used to cure or prevent breast cancer?
tamoxifen, although it gives lots of negative side effects. | - used to treat ER positive breast cancer
69
what role does IFN-a play?
alpha interferon is a type of cytokine that is released to deal with viral infections and some cancer by promoting differentiation of some immune cells. However, using this for treatment would bring side effects.
70
rifutimab
used to treat lymphoma
71
trastuzumab
used to treat HER 2 breast cancer
72
cetuximab
used against EGFR mutations (leukemia) and CRC

Principles of Disease (9 decks)

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