Tumor Immunology

Question 1

Which genes promote cellular growth?

Answer 1

proto-oncogenes

Question 2

Which genes restrict cellular growth?

Answer 2

tumor suppressor genes

Question 3

What are three mutations related to the molecular basis of cancer?

Answer 3

Radiation, Chemicals, Viruses

Question 4

What step in tumor formation is the cellular exposure to insults causing multiple mutations?

Answer 4

Induction

Question 5

Abnormal Growth

Answer 5

Dysplasia

Question 6

Tumor with uncontrolled growth

Answer 6

Neoplasm

Question 7

A tumor that is incapable of indefinite growth is classified as what?

Answer 7

Benign

Question 8

Synonym for malignant tumor

Answer 8

cancer

Question 9

What classification is a tumor that is poorly differentiated, similar to embryonic tissue, more aggressive with a poorer prognosis?

Answer 9

anaplastic

Question 10

A tumor that is more similar to normal tissue is ________?

Answer 10

Well-differentiation

Question 11

What does “T” represent in TNM classification?

Answer 11

Size of primary tumor

Question 12

What does “N” represent in TNM classification?

Answer 12

Involvement of lymph nodes

Question 13

What are the three phases of cancer?

Answer 13

In-situ. Invasion, Dissemination

Question 14

What cancer phase has neoplastic cells confined to the tissue of origin?

Answer 14

In-Situ Phase

Question 15

What cancer phase has cells that are malignant and aggressive?

Answer 15

Invasion Phase

Question 16

What cancer phase has cells traveling throughout the body?

Answer 16

Dissemination Phase

Question 17

Which routes are most common for cancer cells during metastasis?

Answer 17

Blood and Lymphatics

Question 18

What are three etiologic agents for cancer?

Answer 18

chemically induced, virus induced, UV induced

Question 19

True/False? Tumors induced by the same virus express the same tumor antigen?

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Why is it difficult to develop a vaccine for chemically induced tumors?

Answer 20

Unique Expression of Antigens

Question 21

What type of cancer is related to UV induced tumors?

Answer 21

melanomas

Question 22

What are three types of cancer based on the tissue affected?

Answer 22

carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemias and lymphomas

Question 23

What theory hypothesizes that cancerous cells arise regularly but the body eliminates them before they become harmful to surrounding tissue?

Answer 23

Immuno-surveillance

Question 24

Immunosurveillance could be a component of ___________?

Answer 24

Immunoediting

Question 25

What are the three "E's" of Immunoediting?

Answer 25

Elimination, Equilibrium, Escape

Question 26

What are three ways a tumor can escape immune surveillance?

Answer 26

1) Generation of regulatory cells 2) Secretion of immunosuppressive molecules 3) Failure to process and present tumor antigens

Question 27

What happens if you lack Signal 2 from the two signal mechanism for T-cell activation?

Answer 27

Anergy (lack of reaction by the body's defense mechanisms to foreign substances) or Apoptosis

Question 28

What happens when a tumor cell expresses Fas Ligand?

Answer 28

They can kill Fas+Tcells and escape immune destruction

Question 29

What are two antigens expressed on tumor cells?

Answer 29

Tumor Specific Antigen (TSA) | Tumor Associated Antigen (TAA)

Question 30

Which is unique to a tumor only and which is shared by tumors and normal cells? TSA, TAA

Answer 30

TSA - tumor only | TAA - both

Question 31

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and Carcinoembryonic Ag (CEA) are Tumor-Associated _________ Ags. Both can reappear in adult life and cause cancer.

Answer 31

Develomental

Question 32

AFP is associated with _______ cancer.

Answer 32

Liver

Question 33

CEA is associated with __________ cancer.

Answer 33

Colorectal (fetal gut)

Question 34

What form of treatment is used for localized tumors?

Answer 34

Surgery

Question 35

What types of treatment are used for metastatic tumors?

Answer 35

Radiation and Chemotherapy

Question 36

What are two types of Active immunizations, specifically viral?

Answer 36

Hep B and HPV

Question 37

What is an example of a non-specific Active Immunization?

Answer 37

BCG - melanoma, bladder carcinoma

Question 38

What are two types of specific passive immunization?

Answer 38

Abs against HER2 (Breast Cancer) | Abs against IL-2R (Adult cell leukemia)

Question 39

When would you use an unlabelled monoclonal Ab that is Anti-CD20?

Answer 39

Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

Question 40

What can Anti-tumor Abs be coupled with to improve effectiveness?

Answer 40

toxins, radioisotopes, drugs, enzymes

Question 41

What are two examples of adoptive Immunotherapy?

Answer 41

1. Lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK) blood | 2. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) solid tumors

Question 42

What type of cells are highly potent antigen processing and presenting cells which prime an immune response and pulse with tumor antigens or gene transfer?

Answer 42

Dendritic Cells