tumour classification

Question 1

what do most tumour names include?

Answer 1

the suffix ‘oma’

Question 2

how do we subclassify tumours?

Answer 2

on a variety of things
benign or malignant
primary or secondary
histological origin - the tissue type that the tumour has originated from

Question 3

why do we classify tumours?

Answer 3

it outlines treatment options
determines prognosis
characterises the lesions behaviours

Question 4

what are the four types of tissue and extra type that make up histological classification?

Answer 4

epithelium 
connective tissue 
muscle 
nervous tissue 
extra is marrow

Question 5

what is the most common histological tissue origin?

Answer 5

epithelial

Question 6

what is epithelial tissue and an example?

Answer 6

it is the tissue that lines surfaces and an example is mesenchymal

Question 7

what is connective tissue?

Answer 7

bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons and fat

Question 8

where do haematological malignancies arise from?

Answer 8

different components that make up the blood - marrow

Question 9

how do we name benign epithelial tumours?

Answer 9

if it is secretory glandular then will be an ademona and if it is non secretory then is a papilloma

Question 10

what are the types of simple epithelial cell?

Answer 10

simple squamous, cuboidal, columnar or pseudostratified

Question 11

what are the types of stratified epithelial cell?

Answer 11

transitional, cuboidal, columnar, squamus or keratinised squamous

Question 12

how would colonic crypts be identified in histology and why?

Answer 12

they are white spots and this is because they contain mucus too lubricate the stools

Question 13

what is an example of a non secretory benign epithelial tumour?

Answer 13

skin lesions of squamous epithelium or urothelial cell

Question 14

how are tumours then further identified from papilloma and adenoma?

Answer 14

the cell type of origin is identified - glandular tissue of origin for adenomas such as colonic or thyroid

Question 15

why is a urothelial cell papilloma non secretory?

Answer 15

it is in the bladder but only stores urine does not secrete

Question 16

what are malignant epithelial tumours?

Answer 16

carcinomas - secretory would be an adenocarcinoma

Question 17

`why is it important to specify the epithelium of adenocarcinoma?

Answer 17

they can arise from glandular epithelium such as lung adenocarcinomas or colorectal

Question 18

how do you name non glandular carcinomas?

Answer 18

specify the epithelial cell types such as basal cell carcinoma

Question 19

what are the two most common types of epithelial carcinoma?

Answer 19

basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma

Question 20

what is dysplasia?

Answer 20

it is disordered maturation and nuclei changes

Question 21

what is a carcinoma in situ?

Answer 21

it is a carcinoma that has not invaded through the basement membrane but will invade if no treatment

Question 22

what precedes carcinoma in situ?

Answer 22

dyplasia - becomes dysplastic before invasion

Question 23

where is carcinoma in situ common?

Answer 23

in the cervix

Question 24

how do we name mesenchymal tumours?

Answer 24

they are also ‘omas’ but with benign it will have a prefix of the tissue of origin and same with malignant but this is sarcomna

Question 25

what are the prefixes for smooth and skeletal muscle, adipose, blood vessels, bone, cartilage and fibrous?

Answer 25

``` smooth - leiomyo skeletal - rhabdomyo adipose - lipo blood vessels - angio bone - osteo cartilage - chondro fibrous - fibro ```

Question 26

what is a mole?

Answer 26

it is an exception to the naming rules - it is a benign melanocytic lesion/melanocytic naevus. There are many subtypes and most are benign but some do have malignant potential

Question 27

what is another exception to naming rules?

Answer 27

malignant melanoma - this is in situ but cannot be left as is pre-invasive. It is dark, irregular and has different textures, and the melanoma is under the epidermis

Question 28

what is a mesothelioma?

Answer 28

it is an exception to the naming rules - it is a tumour of the pleura that lines the lung. There is no benign counter parts and they are mainly fatal

Question 29

what are common types of tumours the CNS?

Answer 29

meningioma (tumour in meninges lining the brain), glioma (in the glial supporting cells) and pituitary tumours

Question 30

where do neurons form tumours?

Answer 30

in the PNS but generally not the CNS

Question 31

why do brain tumours cause problems?

Answer 31

due to the restricted space within the skull

Question 32

does tumour metastasis happen in the brain?

Answer 32

often tumours from elsewhere will metastasise to the brain but it is uncommon for brain tumour to metastasise elsewhere due to the blood brain barrier

Question 33

where do germ cell tumours arise from?

Answer 33

the germ cells that are found in the gonads (ovaries and testes).

Question 34

why might a tumour occur in the midline?

Answer 34

germ cells originate in the midline and then migrate to the gonads and therefore if there are any left in the midline they can form a tumour

Question 35

what is germ cell nomenclature based on?

Answer 35

the gonad or the differentiation

Question 36

what is a seminoma and a dysgerminoma?

Answer 36

seminoma is a tumour of the sperm cell of testes and dygerminoma is a tumour of the ovaries

Question 37

what is a choriocarcinoma?

Answer 37

malignant tumour of the placenta

Question 38

what is unique about teratomas?

Answer 38

they can differentiate into different tissue types and therefore can form hair and teeth in them

Question 39

what is a paediatric tumour?

Answer 39

it is a blastoma

Question 40

what do embryonal tumours look like?

Answer 40

they are small round blue cells - very similar in similar locations and therefore have to do genetic testing as cannot just identify through morphology

Question 41

what are common embryonal tumours?

Answer 41

nephro, hepato, neuro, retinoblastomas

Question 42

what do tumours form in embryos?

Answer 42

rosettes

Question 43

where do medullobastomas originate?

Answer 43

the brainstem

Question 44

how can retinoblastomas be identified?

Answer 44

by taking a photo of the child's eye

Question 45

what are three types of haematological malignancy?

Answer 45

leukaemia, lymphoma and myeloma

Question 46

what is leukaemia?

Answer 46

it is a malignant growth from the marrow or the bone - overgrowth of a certain type of red blood cell

Question 47

What is a distinguishing presentation of a haematological malignancy?

Answer 47

pepper pot skull in myeloma

Question 48

what is a myeloma?

Answer 48

tumour of the plasma cells - generally not solid tumours

Question 49

what is lymphoma?

Answer 49

there are many subtypes but is of the nodes or other solid tissues - overgrowth of the lymphocytes within lymph nodes

Question 50

what happens to hodgkins and non hodgkins lymphoma?

Answer 50

they split into t and b cells

Question 51

what is a presentation of lymphoma?

Answer 51

abnormally enlarged lymph nodes - need to biopsy

Question 52

what are symptoms of haematological malignancies related to?

Answer 52

the fact that the body produces ABs

Question 53

what is a hamartoma?

Answer 53

it is a non-neoplastic overgrowth of tissue that has a mixture of tissues of different origins. The tissue types are disorganised and can compress things and cause problems. They are benign tumour like lesions that are indigenous to a site but are a disorganised mass such as bronchial epithelium and cartilage in a lung hamartoma

Question 54

what is a cyst?

Answer 54

it is a fluid filled space that is always lined by epithelium. It can be malignant or benign so can become invasive and neoplastic.

Question 55

how is a compound tumour named?

Answer 55

it used the prefixes of all tissue types such as angiolipoma is a blood vessel and adipose tissue benign tumour.

Question 56

how would a malignant epithelial and stromal tumour be named?

Answer 56

malignant epithelial is carcinoma malignant stromal is sarcoma therefore is a carcinosarcoma

Question 57

what is a primary tumour?

Answer 57

when the tumour is at the site of origin

Question 58

what is a secondary tumour?

Answer 58

when the primary tumour has turned metastatic and has spread to another site via lymph, blood or body cavities

Question 59

how can you identify where it has originated if poorly differentiated?

Answer 59

biopsy, immunohistochemistry, examination and imaging

Question 60

what is immunohistochemistry?

Answer 60

it is staining cells to see which proteins are expressed and therefore identifying the origin