Tumour Pathology

Question 1

What is haemoptysis?

Answer 1

Coughing up blood

Question 2

Epithelium glandular benign

Answer 2

Adenoma

Question 3

Epithelium glandular malignant

Answer 3

Adenocarcinoma

Question 4

Epithelium squamous benign

Answer 4

Squamous papilloma

Question 5

Epithelium squamous malignant

Answer 5

Squamous carcinoma

Question 6

Tissue, Bone benign

Answer 6

Osteoma

Question 7

Tissue, Bone, malignant

Answer 7

Osteo- sarcoma

Question 8

Tissue, fat, benign

Answer 8

Lipoma

Question 9

Tissue, fat, malignant

Answer 9

Lipo-sarcoma

Question 10

Tissue, fibrous-tissue, benign

Answer 10

Fibroma

Question 11

Tissue, Fibrous-tissue, malignant

Answer 11

Fibro-sarcoma

Question 12

Blood, white blood cells, malignant

Answer 12

Leukaemia

Question 13

Lymphoid tissue, malignant

Answer 13

Lymphoma

Question 14

Melanocytes, benign

Answer 14

Naevus

Question 15

Melanocytes, malignant

Answer 15

Melanoma

Question 16

Neural tissue, central nervous system, malignant

Answer 16

Astrocytoma

Question 17

Neural tissue, peripheral nervous system, malignant

Answer 17

Schwannoma

Question 18

What is dysplasia?

Answer 18

Presence of cells of an abnormal type within a tissue

No invasion but can progress to cancer

Question 19

Intraepithelial neoplasia

Answer 19

Development of a benign neoplasia or high-grade dysplasia in epithelium

Question 20

Properties of cancer cells?

Answer 20

Loss of tumour suppressor genes - e.g Rb, APC

Gain of function of oncogenes

Altered cellular function

Abnormal morphology

Cells capable of independent growth

Tumour biomarkers

Question 21

What are tumour biomarkers?

Answer 21

Alpha - feta protein

Carcino-embryonic antigen

Oestrogen receptor

Prostate specific antigen

Question 22

What can biomarkers be used for?

Answer 22

Screening, diagnosis, prognostic, or predictive

Question 23

What is retinoblastoma?

Answer 23

Tumour in eyes

Normally found in children

Around 40-50 children each year

High cure level

Question 24

2 forms of retinoblastoma

Answer 24

Inherited - younger, more tumours (both eyes),
2 abnormal copies (one from birth, then another mutation)

Sporadic - older, just one eye
Just 1 abnormal copy (point mutations)

Question 25

What are anti-oncogenes?

Answer 25

Tumour suppressor genes Follows ‘2 hit hypothesis’ - needs two mutations Genes that Normally regulate cell cycle.

Question 26

Inherited cancer syndromes

Answer 26

Account for just 5 -10% Genetic predispositions to develop cancer Earlier onset and multiple tumours

Question 27

Inherited to predisposition of cancer

Answer 27

Familial retinoblastoma Familial adenomatous polyposis of colon - 100% risk of invasive colon cancer by 50 (bowel removal) Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer syndrome Li-fragment syndrome Multiple endocrine neoplasia Van hipped-Linda syndrome

Question 28

List of tumour suppressor genes

Answer 28

APC - colon cancer P53 Rb - retinoblastoma P16

Question 29

What is another name for a tumour suppressor gene?

Answer 29

Anti - oncogene

Question 30

What are proto-oncogenes?

Answer 30

Normal genes coding for normal growth regulating proteins | Abnormal - GAIN of function (one abnormal copy) activated

Question 31

Tumour suppressor genes (antioncogenes)

Answer 31

Abnormal = loss of function

Question 32

Proto-oncogenes

Answer 32

GAIN of function = abnormal

Question 33

List of Porto-oncogenes

Answer 33

Growth factors Growth factor receptors Signal transducers Regulatory proteins Cell cycle regulators - cyclins/ cyclin dependant kinases

Question 34

Example of oncogenes activation

Answer 34

HER2 and breast cancer

Question 35

What are translocations?

Answer 35

Chromosomal rearrangements Burritos lymphoma (malignancy of B cells)

Question 36

Chemical carcinogenesis

Answer 36

Carcinogens react with DNA - purine and pyridimine bases in DNA are critical targets for radiation damage. Activation of oncogenes and loss of anti-oncogenes

Question 37

Radiation carcinogenesis

Answer 37

Purine and my ride mine bases in DNA -critical targets UVB present in sunlight CT scans

Question 38

Viral carcinogenesis

Answer 38

Oncoviruses Virus inserts oncogene into host DNA causing cell division HPV (genital, throat and anal cancers) Hep B (liver cancer) EBV (lymphoma)

Question 39

HPV

Answer 39

Human papilloma virus Causes cervical cancer

Question 40

Multi step carcinogenesis hypothesis

Answer 40

Mutations accumulate with time Mutations of many oncogenes and anti-oncogenes to cause cancer With age - Repair less effective

Question 41

Bronchial mucosa bad cigarettes

Answer 41

(Chemical carcinogenesis - multi step carcinogenesis) Progressive accumulation of mutations: cyclins, p53. ``` Cyclins = cell cycle control P53 = apoptosis and cell cycle control ```

Question 42

Colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence

Answer 42

Dysplastic cells - adenoma, losing cell cycle control Normal —— adenoma ———- carcinoma

Question 43

Summary of molecular basis of cancer

Answer 43

Mutations can be inherited or sporadic Mutations accumulate over time - explains cancer being very prominent in the elderly Loss of cell cycle control key to malignant transformation Key regulators include p16, cyclin D, CDK4, Rb - mutated in MAJORity of cancers Loss mutations of p53 allow genetically damaged cells to proliferate, forming malignant neoplasms