Tumour Summary Flashcards
(726 cards)
1
Q
Describe staging system for canine oral melanoma?
A
2
Q
Which 2 IHC are most useful in dogs and cats for melanocytic tumours?
A
Melan-A and PNL-2
(these are antigens found in melanocytes)
3
Q
Which IHC are also helpful in dogs for melanocytic neoplasms?
A
TRP-1 and TRP-2
4
Q
What’s the sensitivity/ specificity of Melan-A, PNL-2, TRP-1/2 cocktail?
A
Sensitivity = 100%
Specificity = 93.9% (against STS)
5
Q
What ICC is available for melanocytic tumours?
A
Melan-A
could try on LN FNA, especially if amelanotic
6
Q
List 3 histological prognostic criteria for melanocytic tumours.
A
Nuclear atypia
- < 20% for cutaneous = better
- < 30% for oral = better
Mitotic count
- < 3 for cutaneous –> MST = 2+y; vs 7m if ≥ 3/ 10 hpf (2.37mm2)
- < 4 for oral –> sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 84%
Degree of pigmentation
- ≥ 50% = longer survival time
- Should not be used alone
7
Q
Which is an established molecular prognostic factor for melanocytic tumours?
A
ki67
<19.5 for oral
< 15% for cutaneous
8
Q
What is the most common oral tumour in the dog?
A
Oral malignant melanoma
Histologically well-differentiated melanocytic neoplasm
9
Q
What is the metastatic rate on presentation for canine digital melanoma?
A
30-40%
10-26% develop metastasis after definitive therapy
10
Q
What is the median survival time (MST) for canine footpad melanoma?
A
240 days (8 months)
Overall metastatic rate = 55%
11
Q
What factors influence the prognosis of canine oral malignant melanoma?
A
histology and stage
age
14-67% (pulmonary)
12
Q
What is the MST for canine oral malignant melanoma when treated with surgery, radiation, and immunotherapy for the lip?
A
580 days
MST for tongue = 551 days
13
Q
What is the MST for histologically well-differentiated melanocytic neoplasm?
A
34 months
14
Q
What is the significance of the Ki67 marker in canine melanocytic tumors?
A
It is the only established prognostic factor
< 19.5 better than ≥ 19.5 for oral tumors
15
Q
What is the impact of tumor thickness on prognosis for non-oral cutaneous melanocytic neoplasms?
A
> 0.95 cm = shorter overall survival; > 0.75 cm = shorter disease-free interval
16
Q
What is the 1-year survival rate for canine subungual SCC?
A
95%
74% survive at 2 years
17
Q
What is the MST for canine digital melanoma when treated with surgery only?
A
~ 12 months
18
Q
What is the local recurrence rate for canine cutaneous melanoma post-surgery?
A
8%
(metastatic rate = 21%)
19
Q
What is the MST for canine foot pad malignant melanoma?
A
240 days (8 months)
20
Q
What is the overall MST for canine oral malignant melanoma according to Boston et al 2014 (surgery + systemic therapy)?
A
335 days
21
Q
What is the MST for stage I canine oral malignant melanoma?
A
17-18 months
22
Q
What is the overall median time to progression (MTP) for canine oral malignant melanoma?
A
508 days (17 months)
MST = 723 days (24 months)
23
Q
What is the median survival time (MST) for canine oral malignant melanoma when treated with radiation therapy?
A
190 – 401 days (6 – 14.7 months)
24
Q
What is the response rate (RR) for canine oral malignant melanoma treated with radiation?
A
81-100% in 70% of tumors
25
What is the overall MST for canine oral malignant melanoma when treated with radiation therapy and temozolomide?
Not significantly different (192 days vs 401 days)
26
What is the significance of a mitotic index (MI) greater than 20 per 10 hpf in canine melanoma?
Predictive for overall survival time (OST)
27
What is the MST for stage II canine oral malignant melanoma?
5-6 months; 240 days (8 months)
28
What is the MST for stage III canine oral malignant melanoma?
3 months; 173 days (~6 months)
29
What factors are associated with increased risk of metastasis in canine oral malignant melanoma?
Tumor caudal to PM3, incomplete excision
## Footnote
3.6x more likely to die due to tumor with incomplete excision
30
What is the recurrence rate for histologically well-differentiated melanocytic neoplasms in the oral cavity?
3.1% (2/69)
31
What is the median survival time (MST) for dogs treated with radiation therapy (RT) only for oral malignant melanoma?
307 days
## Footnote
MST for RT only is compared to 286 days with carboplatin, showing no statistical difference.
32
What was the response rate of cisplatin combined with piroxicam for the treatment of oral malignant melanoma in dogs?
18%
## Footnote
This data is sourced from a study evaluating the effectiveness of this chemotherapy combination.
33
What is the MST for vaccinated dogs compared to unvaccinated dogs with oral malignant melanoma?
653-684 days for vaccinated dogs vs. 200-220 days for unvaccinated dogs
## Footnote
This indicates a significant advantage in survival for vaccinated dogs.
34
What is the overall response rate (ORR) for dogs treated with surgery and Oncept?
52%
## Footnote
This response rate includes complete responses (CR), partial responses (PR), and stable disease (SD).
35
What was the median progression-free survival (PFS) for dogs undergoing surgery with adjuvant carboplatin?
259 days (8.6 months)
## Footnote
This metric is important for assessing the effectiveness of the treatment.
36
Fill in the blank: The median duration of response for carboplatin only in dogs with malignant melanoma is _______.
165 days
## Footnote
This reflects the time period during which the treatment was effective.
37
How does the MST of dogs with digital melanoma vary by stage?
Stage I: > 952d, Stage II: > 1093d, Stage III: 321d, Stage IV: 76d
## Footnote
This illustrates how prognosis declines with advancing stage.
38
What is the overall MST for dogs treated with surgery and Oncept?
335 days (11 months)
## Footnote
This shows the survival benefit of the surgery combined with the vaccine.
39
What was the local recurrence rate for vaccinated vs. unvaccinated dogs in the study?
21-35% for vaccinated vs. 39-42% for unvaccinated
## Footnote
This highlights the potential benefit of vaccination in reducing recurrence.
40
What are the adverse effects reported in cats treated with Oncept?
Pain on vaccine administration, brief muscle fasciculation, transient inappetence, depression, nausea, mild increase in pigmentation
## Footnote
These side effects were observed in 11.4% of treated cats.
41
What is the median time to progression (TTP) for dogs treated with surgery and Oncept?
304 days (10 months)
## Footnote
This indicates the time until the disease worsens post-treatment.
42
What is the metastatic rate found in cats with invasive nasal planum SCC?
Metastasis at time of death found in 6/15 cats
## Footnote
Most common metastatic sites include lymph nodes and lungs.
43
What is the metastatic rate for dogs with cutaneous SCC?
Metastasis is rare in dogs with cutaneous SCC
## Footnote
There have been no reported cases of metastasis to regional lymph nodes or lungs.
44
What is the metastatic rate and recurrence for apocrine gland carcinoma?
Metastatic rate = 2%, local recurrence in 4%
## Footnote
Surgery typically has a high cure rate despite invasiveness.
45
What is the prognosis for renal cystadenocarcinoma and nodular dermatofibrosis?
Most die due to renal failure from progressive renal cystadenocarcinoma; survival time ~ 3 years
## Footnote
Firm nodules usually do not cause issues unless they disrupt normal function.
46
What is the metastatic potential of ceruminous gland adenocarcinoma?
Has metastatic potential, though uncommon
## Footnote
1/30 dogs had lymph node metastasis; 3/35 dogs had pulmonary metastasis.
47
What is the order of digital tumor prevalence in dogs?
SCC > melanoma > STS > MCT > OSA
## Footnote
SCC (Squamous Cell Carcinoma) is the most common type among these.
48
What percentage of canine digital SCC cases present with multiple masses?
3% will have multiple masses on presentation
## Footnote
80% of cases exhibit bony lysis.
49
What is the prognosis for subungual canine digital melanoma?
1-year survival = 95%; 2-year survival = 74%
## Footnote
This is significantly better compared to other sites.
50
What is the median survival time (MST) for feline digital SCC?
MST = 73 days to 29.5 weeks (2.5 months to 7 months)
## Footnote
The prognosis varies based on the tumor's characteristics.
51
What are the clinical outcomes of surgery for SCC in situ?
DFI = 594 days (~20m); MST = 675 days (22.5m)
## Footnote
These outcomes indicate the effectiveness of surgical intervention.
52
What are the post-operative complications for TECA-LBO in dogs and cats?
Horner’s syndrome (42%), facial paralysis (56%)
## Footnote
Permanent complications occur in 14% and 28%, respectively.
53
What is the response rate for photodynamic therapy for nasal and aural SCC?
47/55 (85%) achieved complete response; recurrence rate = 51%
## Footnote
Median time to recurrence is 157 days.
54
What is the role of Imiquimod cream in treating SCC in situ?
5/12 cats had at least 1 lesion experience complete response
## Footnote
This treatment shows promise in managing localized SCC.
55
What is the DFI for SCC of the nasal planum in dogs?
DFI = 594 days in one study
## Footnote
This indicates the disease-free interval post-treatment.
56
What is the median survival time (MST) for canine digital melanoma treated with surgery and carboplatin?
MST = 1350 days, not significantly different without carboplatin
## Footnote
The effectiveness of carboplatin may vary based on individual cases.
57
What is the prognosis for digital tumors in dogs treated with surgery?
1-year survival = 50-83%; 2-year survival = 18-62%
## Footnote
Survival rates improve significantly for subungual tumors.
58
What is the significance of the mitotic index in tumor grading for feline aural tumours?
Mitotic index ≤2 predicted improved survival
## Footnote
This suggests a correlation between tumor activity and prognosis.
59
What is the most difficult diagnosis to differentiate histologically in tumors of the digit?
SCC vs. IKA (invasive keratotic acanthoma) presents the most difficulty
## Footnote
This can lead to diagnostic challenges in clinical practice.
60
What is the metastatic rate for canine ovarian epithelial tumors?
48%
## Footnote
Canine epithelial tumors have a high propensity to metastasize within the peritoneal cavity.
61
What is the metastatic rate for canine sex cord tumors?
20%
## Footnote
Canine sex cord tumors commonly metastasize to sublumbar lymph nodes, pancreas, and lungs.
62
What is the metastatic rate for canine germ cell tumors?
10-30%
## Footnote
Canine germ cell tumors may spread to lymph nodes, kidneys, omentum, pancreas, and adrenal glands.
63
What is the metastatic rate for canine teratomas?
Up to 50%
## Footnote
Canine teratomas have a significant metastatic potential.
64
What is the prognosis for canine ovarian tumors with complete excision?
Generally good for benign or localized malignant tumors
## Footnote
The prognosis is poor if metastatic disease is detected.
65
What is the metastatic potential of feline sex cord tumors?
50% are malignant
## Footnote
Feline sex cord tumors can metastasize to various organs including the peritoneum and lymph nodes.
66
What is the most common type of feline uterine tumor?
Adenocarcinoma
## Footnote
Feline adenocarcinoma has noted metastatic capabilities to multiple organs.
67
What percentage of canine vaginal tumors are benign?
83%
## Footnote
Canine vaginal tumors are generally benign, with some exceptions for malignant tumors.
68
What is the treatment and prognosis for canine testicular tumors?
Orchiectomy is often curative
## Footnote
Prognosis is guarded if bone marrow aplasia or aplastic anemia is present.
69
What is the median survival time (MST) without treatment for canine prostate tumors?
30 days
## Footnote
Canine prostate tumors have a high rate of regional and distant metastasis.
70
What is the prognosis for feline prostate tumors?
Most cats die within 3 months of diagnosis
## Footnote
Surgery and chemotherapy may prolong outcomes.
71
What immunohistochemical markers are expressed in canine ovarian epithelial tumors?
Cytokeratin AE1, AE3; vimentin, desmin, COX-2, Endothelin-1
## Footnote
Granulosa-theca cell tumors specifically express INH-α.
72
Which markers are positive for dysgerminomas in canine germ cell tumors?
Vimentin, PLAP, CK7, desmin, S-100, CK AE1/AE3
## Footnote
Dysgerminomas do not express INH-α.
73
What % of dogs express COX-2 in canine prostate tumors?
75% express COX-2
## Footnote
COX-2 expression is associated with tumor growth and metastasis.
74
What is the average overall MST for dogs undergoing prostatectomy for prostate tumors?
231 days (7 months);
337d (11m)
## Footnote
MST varies significantly between intracapsular and extracapsular tumors.
75
What are the acute adverse events (AEs) reported with radiation therapy for prostatic tumors?
colitis, stranguria
## Footnote
Late radiation AEs include urethral, ureteral, and rectal strictures.
76
What is the median overall survival time (OST) for prostatic tumors treated with IMRT?
654 days (21.8 months) --> overall with other urogenital tumours.
Just prostate MST = 563d (18.7m)
## Footnote
This treatment showed a significant clinical improvement in a majority of cases.
77
What is the response of canine seminoma with nodal metastasis to cesium-137 teletherapy?
4/4 primary tumors regressed
## Footnote
Survival time ranged from 6 months to 37 months.
78
What is the MST for prostate tumors treated with piroxicam/carprofen compared to no treatment?
6.9 months vs. 0.7 months
## Footnote
Piroxicam and carprofen showed a significant survival benefit.
79
What are the factors used to assign tumor grades for brain tumours?
The presence and degree of classic cytoarchitectural features of malignancy, such as:
* Cellular atypia
* Nuclear pleomorphism
* Mitotic rate
* Microvascular proliferation
* Necrosis
80
What is the most common tumor grade for feline meningiomas?
Grade I
81
What grade are the majority of choroid plexus tumors in dogs?
Grade III
82
What protein concentration is associated with a diagnosis of choroid plexus carcinoma?
Total protein concentration greater than 80 mg/dL
83
What percentage of spinal cord nephroblastomas will be positive for WT-1?
~80%
84
What are the most common primary brain tumors in dogs?
Meningioma, glioma, choroid plexus tumors
85
What is the most common secondary brain tumor in cats?
Lymphoma
86
What percentage of dogs with new onset seizure activity after 5 years of age should raise suspicion for a brain tumor?
50%
87
True or False: Behavior changes are the most frequently reported clinical signs for cats with brain tumors.
True
88
What percentage of cats with meningioma will have multiple lesions?
20%
89
What are the most common spinal cord tumors in dogs?
Meningioma, ependymoma, glioma
90
What is the most common spinal cord tumor in cats?
Lymphoma
91
Where is nephroblastoma almost always found in the spinal cord?
Between T9 and L2
92
What is the most frequently affected cranial nerve in peripheral nerve tumors?
Trigeminal nerve
93
Fill in the blank: Most peripheral nerve tumors are ______ in cats but ______ in dogs.
benign; malignant
94
What is the average survival time for dogs treated for peripheral nerve tumors using VMAT?
371 days (~1 year)
95
What is the median disease-specific survival for trigeminal nerve sheath tumors treated with SRT?
745 days (2 years)
96
What is the median survival time (MST) for surgery + radiation therapy for spinal meningiomas?
~45 months
97
What is the median survival time for canine meningioma with surgery?
~7 months
98
What is the MST for canine meningioma when surgery is combined with endoscopy?
16-70 months
99
What is the complication rate for surgery in canine meningioma cases?
6-100% (average ~11%)
100
What is the median disease-free interval (DFI) for dogs with malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors treated with surgery (2023 paper)?
511 days (17 months)
101
What is the MST for dogs with complete removal of peripheral nerve tumors?
1303 days (3.5 years)
102
What is the MST for trigeminal nerve sheath tumors treated with SRT (8-10Gy x 3; Swift et al 2017)?
441 days (~15 months)
103
What is the MST for meningiomas treated with radiation therapy?
9-19 months
104
What is the response rate (CR and PR) for VMAT with temozolomide for gliomas?
CR + PR = 90.9%
105
What is the MST for patients treated with CCNU for intracranial tumors?
93 days
106
What is the median duration of remission for feline spinal LSA treated with COP?
14 weeks (3.5 months)
107
What is the metastatic rate for malignant eyelid tumors?
10-15%
## Footnote
Metastasis is rare for eyelid tumors, even for malignant tumors.
108
What percentage of eyelid masses are malignant in cats?
Most
## Footnote
Prognosis may not be as good as in dogs.
109
What is the metastatic rate for canine anterior uveal melanoma?
4%
## Footnote
75% are benign.
110
What is the common behavior of feline anterior uveal melanoma?
55-66% metastatic rate for the malignant form, but takes a long time (years) for it to be bad enough for enucleation, and then another 1-3y before metastasis become clinical
## Footnote
Takes months to years for the primary to warrant enucleation.
111
What is a common outcome for cats with feline ocular posttraumatic sarcoma?
Majority will die due to local invasion and recurrence within a few months of enucleation
## Footnote
It is the second most common ocular tumor.
112
What is the median survival time (MST) for dogs with solitary ocular lymphoma?
769 days (25m) vs 103 days with systemic involvement
## Footnote
Indicates a significant difference based on systemic involvement.
113
What is the most common type of orbital tumor in dogs and cats?
Meningioma
## Footnote
Over 90% of orbital tumors are malignant.
114
What is the typical behavior of canine orbital meningioma?
Slow growing, rarely metastasizes
## Footnote
It is a common tumor type.
115
What is the median survival time for dogs with histiocytic sarcoma?
3 months
## Footnote
Indicates rapid progression of this tumor type.
116
What factors increase the risk of metastasis in feline anterior uveal melanoma?
* Extrascleral extension
* Necrosis from within the tumor
* MC >7 / 10hpf
* Choroidal invasion
* Increased labeling for E-cadherin and Melan-A
## Footnote
PNL2 labeling homogeneity decreases the rate of metastasis.
117
What is the recurrence rate after surgical excision for limbal melanoma?
30%, but recurrence can be prolonged (2-3y)
## Footnote
Recurrence may be prolonged (2-3 years).
118
What is the MST for feline anterior uveal melanoma if enucleation occurs after tumor invasion of the ciliary body?
5 years
## Footnote
MST is reduced with scleral involvement.
119
What is the median local disease-free interval after radical orbitectomy for orbital tumors?
>1 year
## Footnote
70% survival rate at the first year.
120
Fill in the blank: The most common primary intraocular tumor in cats is _______.
Feline Anterior Uveal Melanoma
## Footnote
It has a significant metastatic potential.
121
True or False: Most eyelid tumors in cats are benign.
False
## Footnote
Most eyelid masses are malignant.
122
What is the grading system for Tongue SCC?
Graded from I (least malignant) to III (most malignant) based on histologic features such as degree of differentiation and keratinization, mitotic rate, tissue and vascular invasion.
123
What is the most common oral tumor in dogs?
Malignant Melanoma.
124
What is the metastatic rate for canine melanoma?
Up to 80%.
125
What is the most common oral tumor in cats?
Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
126
What is the metastatic rate for non-tonsillar SCC in dogs?
5-29%.
127
What is the metastatic rate for feline SCC?
31% lymph nodes, 10% lungs.
128
What is the metastatic rate for fibrosarcoma in dogs?
Less than 30%.
129
What percentage of osteosarcoma is axial?
25%.
130
What is the median time to metastasis for MLO?
426 to 542 days (14m-18m).
131
What factors are associated with poor prognosis in canine osteosarcoma?
Serum alkaline phosphatase levels greater than 140 units/L, increased monocyte counts, telangiectatic histologic subtype, mitotic index, histologic grade, and local tumor recurrence.
132
What is the metastatic rate for tonsillar SCC?
Up to 20% will have evidence of pulmonary metastasis on presentation.
133
What is the recommended surgical margin for melanoma surgery?
At least 2cm.
134
What is the median survival time (MST) for untreated oral SCC?
54 days.
135
What is the local recurrence rate after complete resection of SCC?
15-22%.
136
What is the MST for mandibular osteosarcoma?
14-18 months.
137
What is the prognosis for feline SCC after surgery?
1-year survival rate = 10%, MST = 3 months or less.
138
What is the MST for lingual melanoma?
222 to > 555 days.
139
What is the expected MST for cats with fibrosarcoma after treatment?
743 days (2 years) with a median PFI > 653 days (~22 months).
140
What is the prognosis for dogs with high PCNA and Ki67?
Higher proliferating index (PCNA, ki-67) significantly related to lymph node metastasis on presentation.
141
What is the local recurrence rate for fibrosarcoma after mandibulectomy?
Up to 59%.
142
What is the MST for feline lingual SCC?
Less than 25% in a year.
143
What is the MST for dogs with oral SCC treated with surgery and radiation therapy?
34 months when combined with surgery.
144
What is the overall MST for dogs with oral melanoma treated with surgery and carboplatin?
MST = 440 days.
145
What is the effect of incomplete excision on metastasis for MLO?
Incomplete = 75%, Complete = 25%.
146
What is the MST for dogs with grade I osteosarcoma?
72% tumor-free at 1 year.
147
What is the MST for grade II/III oral osteosarcoma at 1 year?
24% alive at 1 year.
148
What are the complications associated with glossectomy?
Postoperative bleeding (10%), partial tongue paralysis (2%), incisional dehiscence (2%).
149
What is the MST for feline SCC treated with SRT?
MST = 106 days.
150
What is the recurrence rate for peripheral odontogenic fibroma without bone resection?
0-17%.
151
What is the outcome for cats with oral SCC treated with RT and intratumoral etanidazole?
100% partial response in 9 cats that completed RT.
152
What is the MST for non-symptomatic hemangiosarcoma of the tongue?
MST = 633 days. (21m)
153
What is the PFI for dogs with T3 oral SCC?
8 months.
154
What is the PFI for dogs with T2 oral SCC?
28 months.
155
What is the overall MST for dogs with oral SCC treated with surgery and radiation?
2051 days (5.6 years).
156
What is the importance of surgical margins in treating fibrosarcoma?
Fibrosarcoma and feline SCC should have margins > 2cm.
157
What is the DFI for dogs with incompletely removed MLO?
11 months.
158
What is the PFI for dogs with oral FSA treated with surgery?
22 months.
159
What is the significance of tumor size in prognosis of canine lingual SCC?
>4 cm² is 10x more likely to have recurrence/distance metastasis.
160
What is the MST for dogs with canine oral SCC treated with RT only?
15-16 months.
161
What is the median progression-free interval (PFI) and MST for SBRT for feline oral SCC?
87d; 106d
## Footnote
Median PFI indicates the time during which the disease does not worsen.
162
What complications were noted with SBRT for feline oral SCC?
6/11 complications, including 3/6 fibrosis and 1/3 oronasal fistula
163
What are the prognostic factors for cats treated with stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT) for oral SCC?
* Lower body mass index (BMI) = better
* Female sex = better
* Lower tumor vascular density = better
* Lower degree of keratinization = better
164
What is the median survival time (MST) for canine oral fibrosarcoma with radiation therapy alone?
7m
165
What is the recurrence rate of canine oral fibrosarcoma after surgery?
32%
166
What is the MST for peripheral odontogenic fibroma after radiation therapy?
86% PFS at 3 years
167
What is the local recurrence rate for acanthomatous ameloblastoma treated with radiation therapy?
8-18%
168
What is the complication rate of radiation therapy for canine AA?
5-18% malignant transformation, 6% bone necrosis
169
What is the locoregional control percentage for tonsillar SCC with regional radiation therapy?
75%
170
What is the prognosis for lingual tumors treated with radiation therapy?
Effective for lingual melanoma and inoperable tumors
171
What is the MST for melanoma without immunotherapy?
224d
172
What is the biological response rate for feline SCC with toceranib?
57%
173
What is the MST for tonsillar SCC with a combination of surgery, RT, and/or chemotherapy?
179d (6m)
174
What is the MST for oral melanoma when treated with surgery, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy?
589d
175
What is the MST for cats with fibrosarcoma?
2.4y
176
What is the MST for dogs with massive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after lobectomy?
1460-1836d (4-5y)
177
What is the most common hepatic tumor in dogs?
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
178
What is the prognosis for bile duct carcinoma (cholangiocarcinoma) in cats?
Poor prognosis, with aggressive metastasis
179
What is the MST for diffuse HCC when treated with chemotherapy (gemcitabine) only?
133d (4.5m, nonsurgical)
180
What is the common treatment for gastric carcinoma in dogs?
Surgery if possible
181
What is the MST for leiomyosarcoma in dogs?
8-12m
182
What is the MST for dogs with bile duct adenoma?
Good prognosis if surgically resectable
183
What is the median survival time for dogs treated with conservative therapy for massive HCC?
270d (9m)
184
What percentage of dogs with PDH have tumors that are not visible on CT or MRI?
40% to 50%
## Footnote
These dogs are unlikely to develop neurologic signs associated with the tumor.
185
What is the risk percentage for dogs with PDH to develop neurologic signs due to an enlarging tumor?
15% to 25%
## Footnote
These signs typically develop within 6 to 18 months of the diagnosis of PDH.
186
What is the sensitivity and specificity of the IGF-1 test for feline acromegaly?
Sensitivity = 84%, specificity = 92%
## Footnote
The short-term prognosis is fair to good but long-term prognosis is poor without specific therapy.
187
What is the median survival time (MST) for patients with feline acromegaly?
20.5 months
## Footnote
Patients may succumb to cardiac or renal failure, neurologic disease, or complications of poorly regulated diabetes mellitus.
188
What pituitary:brain ratio is consistent with pituitary enlargement?
>0.31
## Footnote
Pro-opiomelanocortin/pro-ACTH levels in plasma are correlated with pituitary tumor size in dogs with PDH.
189
What was the survival rate of dogs after hypophysectomy according to a 2016 study?
91% survived the first 4 weeks post-op
MST = 781d (2.1y)
## Footnote
DFI = 951 days (2.6 years), MST = 781 days (2.1 years), recurrence rate = 27%.
190
What is the complication rate of diabetes insipidus after hypophysectomy?
53%
## Footnote
Other complications include incomplete hypophysectomy in 9 dogs and 31% KCS.
191
What is the median survival time (MST) for pituitary macroadenoma treated with fractionated radiation therapy?
~2 years
## Footnote
More intense fractionation with smaller doses per fraction shows better treatment outcomes.
192
What is the MST for dogs treated with SRT (Stereotactic Radiation Therapy) for pituitary tumors?
357 days
## Footnote
69% of dogs showed improvement in neurological signs.
193
What cytotoxic agent is used for medical treatment of hyperadrenocorticism?
Mitotane
## Footnote
It is cytotoxic to the adrenal cortex.
194
What is a common complication of adrenalectomy in dogs?
hemorrhage
## Footnote
Other complications include progressive lethargy and anorexia.
195
What percentage of dogs with pheochromocytoma experience metastasis?
Up to 40%
## Footnote
Vascular invasion can be as high as 82%.
196
What is the recommended follow-up for incidental adrenal tumors that are functional or >2.5cm?
Consider adrenalectomy
## Footnote
Otherwise, monitor with AUS every 3 months.
197
What is the peri-operative mortality rate for adrenal tumors?
15-37%
## Footnote
Prognostic factors include tumor thrombus presence and size.
198
What is the median survival time (MST) for dogs with adrenocortical carcinoma after adrenalectomy?
230-778 days (7 months to 2 years)
## Footnote
If survived >4 weeks post-op, average survival time is 3 years.
199
What is the MST for feline adrenocortical tumors after adrenalectomy?
350 to 1297 days (1-4 years)
## Footnote
Peri-operative mortality is noted in 2 out of 10 cases.
200
What is the average survival time (OST) for canine adrenal cortical tumors treated with mitotane?
16.4 months
## Footnote
Survival time is significantly reduced if there is metastasis.
201
What is Mitotane?
A cytotoxic drug used as an alternative to surgery for adrenal cortical tumors
## Footnote
Requires higher doses than trilostane, and relapse is common.
202
How does trilostane compare to mitotane in terms of survival time?
Trilostane is better tolerated, with an MST of 353 days compared to 102 days for mitotane; one study did not find a significant difference
## Footnote
MST stands for median survival time.
203
What is the MST for dogs with metastasis when treated for adrenal cortical tumors using trilotane/ mitotane?
61 days
## Footnote
This is significantly lower than for those without metastasis.
204
What is the most common intraoperative complication in cats undergoing thyroidectomy?
Cardiac arrhythmia
205
What is the MST for unilateral thyroid masses in dogs post-thyroidectomy?
26-36 months
206
What are the common post-operative complications in cats after thyroidectomy?
Hypocalcemia
207
What is the MST for dogs treated with radioactive I-131 if not metastatic?
839 days (~28 months)
208
What is the most common type of thyroid tumor in dogs?
Carcinoma or adenocarcinoma
209
What percentage of thyroid tumors in dogs are malignant?
90%
210
What is the metastatic rate for thyroid carcinoma in cats?
Up to 70%
211
What is the MST for dogs undergoing partial pancreatectomy for insulinoma?
12-14 months
212
Fill in the blank: The most common clinical signs of gastrinoma are _______ and weight loss.
vomiting
213
What is the treatment of choice for intestinal carcinoid tumors?
Surgery
214
What is the MST for cats treated with radioactive I-131 for hyperthyroidism?
2-4 years
215
What is the average survival time (ST) for dogs with thyroid carcinoma and vascular invasion?
621 days (20 months)
216
What are the clinical benefits of Palladia in dogs with thyroid carcinoma?
Clinical benefits noted in 88.4% of naïve setting
## Footnote
Includes 1 complete response (CR), 11 partial responses (PR), and 11 stable disease (SD).
217
What is the most common complication following thyroid surgery in both dogs and cats?
Hypocalcemia
218
What is the median progression-free interval (PFI) for dogs treated with SRT for thyroid carcinoma?
315 days
219
True or False: Metastatic disease is common in parathyroid tumors.
False
220
What is the MST for dogs treated with medical therapy only for insulinoma?
196 days (6.5 months) to 452 days (15 months)
221
What is the common treatment for glucagonoma in dogs?
Surgery
222
What is the prognosis for intestinal carcinoid tumors at diagnosis?
Generally guarded due to common metastasis
223
What is the most common type of parathyroid tumor?
Adenoma
224
What percentage of iUC tumors are classified as high grade?
70%
## Footnote
Most iUC tumors are either intermediate (29%) or high grade (70%).
225
What is the most common T staging classification for canine bladder tumors?
78% = T2
20% = T3
## Footnote
T2 and T3 are significant in understanding tumor progression.
226
Where are canine iUC most commonly located?
In the trigone
## Footnote
The trigone is a critical area for understanding tumor behavior.
227
What percentage of iUC cases show urethral invasion?
56%
## Footnote
Urethral invasion is a significant factor in prognosis.
228
What is the reported frequency of nodal metastasis in iUC cases?
16%
## Footnote
Nodal metastasis is an important prognostic indicator.
229
What is the percentage of dogs with iUC that experience distant metastasis?
14%
## Footnote
Distant metastasis can significantly impact treatment outcomes.
230
What are the factors associated with a more advanced TNM stage at diagnosis?
* Younger age
* Prostate involvement
* Higher T stage
## Footnote
These factors increase the risk of nodal and distant metastasis.
231
Which breed is noted for having a higher risk of iUC?
Scottish Terriers
## Footnote
Breed-specific risks are important for preventive strategies.
232
What dietary recommendations are made for dogs at high risk for iUC?
Feed vegetables at least three times per week
## Footnote
Diet can play a role in managing cancer risks.
233
What are the differential diagnoses for urethral tumors?
* Other neoplasia
* Chronic bacterial cystitis
* Polypoid cystitis
* Fibroepithelial polyp
* Granulomatous cystitis/urethritis
* Gossypiboma
* Calculi
* Inflammatory pseudotumor
## Footnote
A comprehensive differential diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment.
234
What is the median survival time (MST) for cats with iUC treated with surgery, chemo, and COX-inhibitors?
261 days (~7 months)
## Footnote
Treatment outcomes vary significantly between species.
235
What is the significance of the B-raf mutation in canine iUC?
>80% of cases show this mutation
## Footnote
This mutation is not found in normal dogs or those with cystitis.
236
What is the median progression-free interval (PFI) for partial cystectomy with COX inhibitors?
235 days (~8 months)
## Footnote
This reflects the effectiveness of surgical interventions combined with medications.
237
What is the median survival time (MST) when daily piroxicam is used after partial cystectomy?
722 days (~2 years)
## Footnote
Long-term use of piroxicam can significantly improve outcomes.
238
What is the median overall survival time (MST) for dogs with urogenital carcinoma treated with IMRT?
654 days (~22 months)
## Footnote
IMRT shows promising results for bladder tumors.
239
What are common acute side effects of radiation therapy for iUC?
* Mild colitis
* Erythema/hyperpigmentation
* Stranguria
## Footnote
Awareness of side effects is important for managing patient care.
240
What is the MST for dogs undergoing palliative radiation therapy?
150 days (5 months)
## Footnote
Palliative care options can extend life quality even in advanced stages.
241
What is the preferred chemotherapy drug for treating iUC?
Vinblastine
## Footnote
Vinblastine is favored due to its efficacy and manageable side effects.
242
What is the remission rate for dogs treated with vinblastine and piroxicam?
58%
## Footnote
Combination therapies can enhance treatment efficacy.
243
What is the common side effect of piroxicam treatment in dogs?
Gastrointestinal toxicity (31%)
## Footnote
Monitoring for side effects is crucial during treatment.
244
What is the MST for renal carcinoma following nephrectomy?
16 months
## Footnote
Nephrectomy remains a viable option even with metastasis.
245
What is the significance of Fuhrman nuclear grade in renal cell carcinoma?
Higher grades correlate with shorter MST
## Footnote
Fuhrman grading helps assess prognosis.
246
What is the MST for renal sarcoma treated with nephrectomy?
9 months for renal sarcoma
## Footnote
This highlights the variability in survival based on tumor type.
247
What percentage of dogs with primary renal tumors show radiographic evidence of metastasis?
16-34%
## Footnote
Early detection of metastasis is critical for treatment planning.
248
What is the MST for nephroblastoma in dogs treated with nephrectomy?
6 months
## Footnote
Nephroblastoma has the poorest prognosis among renal tumors.
249
What is the most common small intestinal neoplasia in dogs and cats?
GI lymphoma
## Footnote
GI lymphoma is recognized as the most prevalent form of small intestinal tumors in both dogs and cats.
250
In cats, where is GI adenocarcinoma commonly found?
Small intestines
## Footnote
GI adenocarcinoma is notably more frequent in the small intestines of cats compared to other areas.
251
Where is GI adenocarcinoma more commonly found in dogs?
Colon and rectum
## Footnote
In dogs, GI adenocarcinoma is predominantly located in the colon and rectum.
252
What is the ranking of mast cell tumors among intestinal tumors in cats?
3rd most common
## Footnote
Mast cell tumors are the third most frequently diagnosed intestinal tumors in cats.
253
What percentage of cats with adenocarcinoma metastasize to the regional lymph nodes?
50%
## Footnote
Half of the cats with adenocarcinoma show metastasis to regional lymph nodes.
254
What is a negative prognostic factor for SI non-lymphomatous tumors in dogs?
Metastasis on presentation
## Footnote
The presence of metastasis at the time of presentation is considered a negative prognostic indicator.
255
What is the median survival time (MST) for dogs with non-metastatic small intestinal tumors?
15 months
## Footnote
Dogs without metastasis have a median survival time of approximately 15 months.
256
What is the median survival time (MST) for dogs with metastatic small intestinal tumors?
3 months
## Footnote
The MST for dogs with metastatic small intestinal tumors is significantly lower at around 3 months.
257
What genetic mutation is commonly found in GIST?
c-kit mutation
## Footnote
The c-kit mutation, particularly in exon 11, is a major diagnostic criterion for GIST.
258
What percentage of dogs with leiomyosarcoma had metastasis on presentation?
54%
## Footnote
More than half of the dogs diagnosed with leiomyosarcoma presented with metastasis.
259
What is the MST for cats with colonic adenocarcinoma who undergo subtotal colectomy and doxorubicin treatment?
280 days
## Footnote
Cats treated with subtotal colectomy and doxorubicin have a median survival time of 280 days.
260
What is the mean survival time for single pedunculated masses in colorectal tumors in dogs?
32 months
## Footnote
Tumors presenting as single pedunculated masses have a favorable mean survival time of 32 months.
261
What is the perioperative mortality rate for surgical procedures on intestinal tumors?
30-50%
## Footnote
The risk of perioperative mortality during surgical interventions for intestinal tumors ranges from 30% to 50%.
262
What is the MST for dogs with small intestinal adenocarcinoma treated with surgery (2019 paper)?
544 days
## Footnote
Recent studies indicate an MST of 544 days for dogs undergoing surgical treatment for small intestinal adenocarcinoma.
263
What is the overall MST for dogs with GIST excluding perioperative deaths?
38 months
## Footnote
The MST for dogs with GIST, when excluding deaths during the perioperative period, is around 38 months.
264
What is the MST for colorectal adenocarcinoma in dogs treated with surgery?
2 to 4+ years
## Footnote
Surgical treatment for colorectal adenocarcinoma in dogs can result in a median survival time ranging from 2 to over 4 years.
265
What is the MST for feline intestinal mast cell tumors (MCT) treated with a combination of therapies?
531 days
## Footnote
Feline intestinal MCT treated with a combination of chemotherapy and other modalities has a median survival time of 531 days.
266
What is the metastatic rate for perianal adenocarcinoma on presentation?
< 15%
## Footnote
The initial metastatic rate for perianal adenocarcinoma is low, at less than 15%.
267
What percentage of AGASACA cases found hypercalcemia on presentation?
16-53%
## Footnote
A significant proportion of dogs with perianal adenocarcinoma present with hypercalcemia.
268
What is the MST for cats with anal sac gland carcinoma?
3 months
## Footnote
Cats with anal sac gland carcinoma have a median survival time of approximately 3 months.
269
What is the overall MST for anal sac melanoma in dogs?
107 days
## Footnote
Dogs with anal sac melanoma have an average median survival time of 107 days.
270
What is a common complication of surgery for rectal carcinoma?
Fecal incontinence
## Footnote
Fecal incontinence is a notable complication that can occur following surgery for rectal carcinoma.
271
What is the median time to tumor recurrence for AGASACA in cats?
96 days
## Footnote
The median time to tumor recurrence in cats with anal sac gland carcinoma is around 96 days.
272
What is the main finding regarding anal sac SCC in dogs?
None had metastasis on presentation; all were unilateral.
## Footnote
Study covered eleven cases from 2000 to 2015.
273
What was the recurrence rate of tumors in dogs that underwent surgery for anal sac SCC?
Tumour recurred in 4/5 dogs; euthanized within a few months.
## Footnote
Study involved five dogs.
274
What's the influence of hormones on canine perianal adenoma?
Hormonal basis: testosterone promotes development, estrogen suppresses development.
## Footnote
Serum VEGF may correlate with biological behavior.
275
What is the prognostic relevance of tumor size in perianal adenocarcinoma?
Tumour stage is prognostic; <5cm (T2) has a 2y control rate > 60%.
## Footnote
Metastasis is a negative prognostic factor.
276
What is the median survival time (MST) for dogs with perianal adenocarcinoma?
MST = 7 months if metastasis present
## Footnote
Tumor size and metastasis significantly affect MST.
277
What is the correlation between E-cadherin expression and survival in AGASACA?
E-cadherin expression is positively correlated with survival.
## Footnote
Negative prognostic factors include primary tumor size and presence of metastasis.
278
What are the negative prognostic factors for AGASACA?
Presence of clinical signs, LN metastasis, size of LN metastasis, presence of distant metastasis.
## Footnote
Nonpursuit of surgery also negatively impacts MST.
279
What is the MST for dogs that do not undergo surgery compared to those that do?
chemo only = 202d
others = 402d
## Footnote
Indicates significant impact of surgical intervention on survival.
280
What is the complication rate associated with surgery for AGASACA?
Complication rate is 5-24%.
## Footnote
Complications include wound dehiscence and rectal perforation.
281
What is the median overall survival time (OST) for dogs with progressive/recurrent AGASACA after surgery?
Median OST = 703d (~2 years).
## Footnote
Further treatment at disease progression can improve survival.
282
What is the effect of chemotherapy on MST in dogs with anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma?
MST = 404d with surgery and post-op chemo. Not significantly different
## Footnote
Study showed significant disease progression despite treatment.
283
What is the impact of tumor size on prognosis in anal sac tumors?
Dogs with tumors ≥ 10 cm2 have MST = 292d vs <10cm, MST = 584d.
## Footnote
Indicates larger tumors are associated with poorer outcomes.
284
What is the measurable response rate for AGASACA with radiation therapy?
Measurable response 38-75%.
## Footnote
MST achieved with radiation therapy is 956d (2.6y).
285
What percentage of dogs experienced improvement in clinical signs with palliative radiation therapy?
Improvement in clinical signs: 63%.
## Footnote
Hypercalcemia resolved in 31% of cases with radiation therapy.
286
What are some acute side effects of radiation therapy?
Grade I-II acute colitis in 8-27%; grade I-II skin side effects in 17-21%.
## Footnote
Late side effects are rare but may include rectal stricture.
287
What is the overall response rate of electrochemotherapy for perianal adenoma?
ORR > 90% with 65% CR.
## Footnote
Smaller tumors <5cm generally respond better.
288
What is the median duration of partial response (PR) for toceranib in dogs with anal sac adenocarcinoma?
Median duration of PR = 22 weeks (5.5m).
## Footnote
Toceranib showed resolution of hypercalcemia in treatment.
289
What was the median progression-free survival (PFS) for toceranib in gross disease setting for AGASACA?
Median PFS = 255d (8.5m).
## Footnote
Indicates the duration of disease control with treatment.
290
What's the RR and outcome of canine multicentric LSA treated with lomustine and prednisolone as first line?
RR = 87% (CR 15/30: 8 T cell, 4 B cell); not statistically different
MST = 3m
(Catalucci et al 2024)
291
The describe the biological behaviur of canine granular lymphocyte LSA.
in a Yale et al 2024 with 65 dogs
- most common c/s = lethargy and hyporexia
- most common anatomical form = hepatosplenic, and GI
- 30% had peripheral blood/ bone marrow involvement
- treatment with MTD chemo
- 74% RR but MST only 28d; 6 had long term ST, MST of 198d
- negative prognostic factors = monocytosis and peripheral blood involvement
- intermediate cell size = better
292
What's the outcome of cats diagnosed with myeloid related disorder?
- most cats have splenic or hepatic involvement, just over half have bone marrow involvement
- overall RR with prednisone and: Melphalan = 87%, cyclophosphamide = 90%, and chlorambucil = 100%
- anemia and thrombocytopenia = negative prognostic factor
- MST = 122d (4m)
- melphalan and cyclophosphamide MST = 315d (11m); less AE with cyclophosphamide vs melphalan
293
Does endogenous serum cortisol concentration influence outcome of dogs with LSA treated with chemotherapy?
Yes!
PFS 136d vs 180d (4.5m vs 6)
MST = 96d vs 180d (3 vs 6m)
Although no significant differences were found in the rate of P-gp-positive cells between the 2 groups, the rate of GCR-positive cells was significantly lower in the high COR group
294
What's the outcome of cast with high grade and large granular alimentary LSA treated with CHOP or COP?
RR = 42% (20% CR, 22% PR)
- MST = 131d (4m)
- if achieving CR = 203d (~7m)
Bernardo et al 2024
295
What's the outcome of cats with cutaneous/ SQ hemangiosarcoma and lymphamgiosarcoma treated with surgery +/- chemo/ Palladia?
HSA = 166d (factor VIII positive, PROX-1 negative)
LAS = 197d (both factor VIII and PROX-1 positive)
- difficult to remove completely
- local recurrence is high (60%)
296
What are some prognostic factors for canine T cell nodal LSA receiving alkylators?
if bone marrow involvement > 5%, MST = 114d (4m)
vs if <5%, MST = 178d (6m)
297
Is mesenteric LN biopsy appropriate for small intestinal LSA in cats?
- 43% had nodal infiltration
- clonality results correctly identified 63% of the LNs as reactive (ie. counted the remaining 37% of reactive LNs as neoplastic).
298
What's the outcome of cats with intermediate/large cell LSA treated with CMOP (mitoxantrone)?
- RR = 74%
- PFI = 139d (~4,5m)
- MST = 206d (~7m)
- if achieved CR, 2y survival rates = 57%
Webster et al 2024
299
What's the outcome of pegylated Elspar for cats with large cell LSA?
- RR = 74%, 38% CR
- PFI = 70d
- MST = 79d
IM elspar injection
Bik et al 2023
300
What's the outcome of dogs treated with MVPP for resistant LSA?
mechlorethamine, vinblastine, procarbazine, and prednisone
- RR = 25%
- PFI = 15d
- MST = 45d
Zimmerman et al 2023
301
What's the outcome of 10-day cyclic melphalan cycle for canine multiple myeloma?
10 days of melphalan @ 2mg/m2/day, with 10day break. Each cycle = 20 days
- RR= 76% (CR = 59%, PR = 18%)
- MST = 512d (1.4y)
Teddy et al 2023
302
Which needle gauge would be most appropriate for FNA of the canine spleen?
tested 23G, 25G, and 27G
- 23G had higher cellularity than 27G
- pain was low in all 3, but lowest in 27G
- would recommend 23G due to better cellularity and low pain
Launay et al 2023
303
What's the outcome of cats with tracheal LSA treated with chemo?
MST = 214d (7m)
304
Which tumours can be positive for MUM-1?
typically used for plasma cell tumours, but histiocytic and LSA can also be positive
305
What's the outcome of dogs with MDS/AML treated with doxorubicin/ cytarabine combination?
Doxorubicin @ 30mg/m2 with cytarabine @ 300mg/m2 CRI over 4h, once every 2-3 weeks for 4-6 cycles
MST = 369d
median duration of remission for responders = 344d
Matsuyama et la 2023
306
What histological features are associated with poor prognosis in canine cutaneous T cell LSA?
- extensive infiltration of the panniculus
- MC ≥7/high-power field
- cell diameter ≥10.0 µm
- nuclear diameter ≥8.3 µm
Dettwiler e al 2023
307
What can be seen on MRI for intravascular lymphoma in dogs?
ischemia and hemorrhagic lesions
Mattei et al 2023
308
What was one feature in oral EMP in dogs that may lead to an increased risk of systemic progression?
MC >28/10 hpf
- most oral EMP had long MST = 973d (2.7y)
- but 1/3 did have progression with 2 --> multiple myeloma
Evenhuis et al 2023
309
What's the outcome of feline tracheal/laryngeal LSA?
26% had surgery
all received chemotherapy
- MST = 909d (2.5y)
- most common presenting signs = increased respiratory effort and upper respiratory tract sounds
- the majority are B cells
Rodriguez-Piza et al 2023
310
What's the outcome of low dose HBI as consolidation for dogs with multicentric LSA in CR after CHOP?
With HBI:
2y disease free rate = 56%, survival = 78%
Without HBI:
2y disease free rate = 0%, survival = 11%
Best et al 2023
311
How much can drugs be escalated in a 15w CHOP protocol?
Vincristine was successfully escalated to 0.8 mg/m(2) or higher in 11 dogs, cyclophosphamide to 300 mg/m(2) or higher in 16 dogs, and doxorubicin to 35 mg/m(2) or 1.4 mg/kg or higher in 9 dogs.
RR = 100%
PFI = 171d (~6m)
MST = 254d (8.5m)
Siewert et al 2023
312
What's the most common etiology for cats with eosinophilic pleural effusion?
neoplasia (ex. LSA)
Wheatley et al 2023
313
What's the outcome of cats <18m treated for lymphoma?
- most common form = mediastinal
- CR = 46%, PR = 50% with chemotherapy
- PFF = 133d (4m)
- MST = 268d (9m)
- 7 cats lived > 2y
Regato et al 2023
314
What's the outcome of canine nodal small cell B cell LSA?
- median PFS = 119d (4m)
- MST = 222d (~7m)
- factors associated with shorter OS: low MHC II, high CD25, low Cd21, greater age, and substage B
Rout et al 2023
315
What's the significance of baseline serum C reactive protein for dogs with diffuse large B cell LSA?
lower = longer ST
<1mg/dL, MST = 315d (10m)
>1mg/dL, MST = 232d (8m)
Childress et al 2022
316
What's the outcome of cats with nasal/ nasopharyngeal LSA treated with SBRT?
MST = 365d
PFI = 225d
negative prognostic factors = cribriform plate invasion and intracalvarial invasion
Reczynaska, et al 2022
317
What's the MST of retrobulbar LSA in cats?
MST = 85d
318
What's the outcome difference in cats with nasal LSA receiving PRT as first line vs receiving PRT after chemo failure?
PRT alone: ~ 1y
PFS = 336d
MST = 346d
PRT after chemo failure: 7-8m
PFS = 228d
MST = 242d
Yamazaki et al 2022
319
What's the RR to rabacfosadine for canine LSA?
73%: 50% CR, 23% PR
Weishaar et al 2022
320
What the accuracy of LN FNA for canine LSA?
Generally good, but not for further characterization of the LSA:
- >60% for low grade T-cell lymphomas,
- <40% for low grade B-cell lymphomas
- >30% for high grade B-cell lymphomas
- >20% for high grade T-cell lymphomas.
Martini et al 2022
321
What's the RR of cyclophosphamide with prednisone as an induction to treatment naive B cell LSA in dogs?
RR: 84% - 62% PR, 9% CR
side effects in 47% of patients
Todd et al 2022
322
What's the importance of serum amyloid A in feline nasal LSA?
Serum amyloid A is significantly higher in non-nasal LSA compared to nasal LSA, but it's not prognostic for LSA
- prognostic factors = no response to treatment and low HCT
Schiavo et al 2022
323
What's the proportion of B cell CLL with monoclonal gammopathy?
M-protein was detected in 67%
Hyperproteinemia found in 35%
IgM = most common isolate
Harris et al 2022
324
What's the RR for single pegylated Elspar injection for cats with LSA and those that continue on with COP?
Single pegylated Elsapr:
RR = 82%, CR in 38%
- 34/56 continued with COP
- 92% achieved CR
- PFI = 816d with CR (2.2y)
- OST = 181d (6m)
325
In a dose finding study for pegylated Elspar in healthy beagle dogs, which doses resulted in antibody developlment?
20 and 40 IU/kg (found in 5 dogs)
at 10 IU/kg there is evidence of asparagine depletion lasting 9-29d
(Feensra et al, 2022)
326
Can prednisolone pre-treatment affect sensitivity to doxorubicin and vincristine in cats?
Yes, according to cell line studies
Hlavaty et al 2021
327
What's the outcome of diffuse small cell B cell LSA in dogs?
it's not indolent!
MST = 140d (~5m)
Hughes et al 2021
328
What's the utility of serum haptoglobin concentration in feline GI disease?
it can be useful to distinguish between normal and those with GI disease; but cannot distinguish between GI disease and LSA.
Love et al, 2021
329
What's the outcome of using cyclophosphamide as a rescue after chlorambucil for cats with small cell GI LSA?
good!
CR in 90%
median PFS = 215d (7m)
Kim et al 2021
330
What's the outcome of renal LSA in cats treated with prednisolone vs chemo?
Pred, MST = 50d
L-CHOP based, MST = 203d (~7m)
Not prognostic:
therapy administered, renal LSA vs multicentric LSA , CNS involvement, presence of azotemia, anemia and IRIS stage
Williams et al 2021
331
Is monoclonality an exclusive feature of small cell GI LSA?
NO!
70% of LPE had monoclonality (vs. 100% in LSA)
- LPE also has marked fibrosis in the lamina propria (94%)
- LSA had in-depth mucosal infiltration (68%)
Freiche et al 2021
332
What are some negative prognostic factors for canine chronic B cell leukemia?
generally B cell CLL is not as good - MST = 300d (10m)
Negative prognostic factors include:
- Boxer (178 vs 423d)
- high lymphocyte count >60K
- high Ki67 (>40%) (MST = 173d)
- symptomatic
Rout et al 2021
333
What's the outcome of a novel LOPH protocol for feline high grade multicentric or mediastinal LSA?
Lomustine, vinc (IP), doxorubicin, and vinc (IP)
CR = 81%
MST = 214d (7m) for mediastinal, not reached for multicentric
for FeLV (+) = 171d (~6m)
334
What's the outcome of feline high grade LSA rescued with methotrexate, lomustine, and cytarabine?
RR = 46%
MPFI = 61d (2m)
- 2 cats with grade III anemia and 1 cat with grade III thrombocytopenia
Smallwood et al 2021
335
What are some features that can distinguish between feline nasal LSA and adenocarcinoma based on MRI?
- adenocarcinoma has higher apparent diffusion coefficient values compared to lymphoma
Tanaka et al 2021
336
What are some risk factors for creatinine elevation in cats receiving doxorubicin?
- more likely with single agent vs CHOP
- anemia, neutropenia and number of RT under GA = risk factors
337
What are some prognostic factors for canine B cell LSA?
- CD25+: increased expression = decreased ST
- RR = 96% for DLBCL, with MPFS = 233d, MST = 325d (~11m)
- RR = 60% for nodal marginal zone LSA
- RR = 67% for small cell B cell LSA
Wolf-Ringwall et al 2020
338
What's the outcome of CD4-/CD8- and CD8+ nodal T cell LSA in dogs?
CD4-/CD8- MST = 145d (~5m)
CD8+ MST = 198 (~6.5m)
- hypercalcemia and mediastinal mass more likely to be CD4-/CD8-
Harris et al 2020
339
Describe the IHC expression of English bulldog non-neoplastic lymphocytosis.
- polyclonal
- B cell
- low MHCII and CD25 expression
- splenomegaly
- hyperglobulinemia (IgA +/- IgM)
- mostly male (74%), young (6.8y)
Rout et al 2020
340
What's the outcome for rabacfosadine + Elspar for relapsed LSA?
Elspar given with the first 2 doses of Tanovea
RR= 67%, 41% CR
- MPFS = 63d (2m)
- MPFS = 144d (4.5m) if CR
- negative prognostic factors: no CR or previous Elspar use
Cawley et al 2020
Compared to Saba et al 2018 paper (just B cell):
- RR = 74%, 45% CR (73.3%; 50%)
- MPFI = 108d (63)
- MPFI = 203d if CR
341
How reliable is mass spectrometry for differentiating LPE and small cell GI LSA in cats?
relative sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 86.7%, 91.7%, and 88.9%, respectively, compared to clonality testing, which had sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 85.7%, 33.3%, and 61.5%
Marsilio et al 2020
342
How does the immunophenotype of feline lymphocytosis affect the outcome?
MST:
CD4+ = 752d (2y)
CD4-/CD8- = 271d (9m)
CD5 low = 27.5d (4w)
Rout et al 2020
343
What are some CT features to differentiate between thymoma and mediastinal LSA in dogs?
- thymoma is more likely to have heterogenous attenuation
- lymphoma is more likely to wrap around the cranial vena cava
Reeve et al 2020
344
What's the significance of honeycomb spleen in cats on AUS?
- mostly benign!
- 16% = neoplastic: 3/4 = LSA, 1/4= carcinoma
Harel et al 2020
but in Quinci et al 2020, 24% of cats = LSA
345
What's the general outcome of Tanovea for naive canine multicentric LSA?
RR = 87% (CR = 52%, PR = 35%)
- MPFI = 122d (4m)
- most common AE = GI
- grade 5 pulmonary fibrosis in 3/63 (4.7%)
- pre-treatment with steroids and T cell = negative prognostic factor
- T cell RR = 50%, (22% CR) vs B cell RR = 97% (62% CR)
Saba et al 2020
346
What's the response of MOPP (mustargen, vinc/vinb, procarbazine, predniosolone) for relapsed/ resistant LSA in cats?
RR = 70%
median remission = 166d (5.5m)
- if CR, median remission = 190d
- most common AE = neutropenia and GI
- 15% in remission at 1y
Maloney Huss et al 2020
347
What's the clinical out come of primary bone marrow T cell LSA in dogs?
- the study looked at 11 dogs with hypercalcemia and they have T cell LSA in the bone marrow
- no evidence of LSA outside of the medulla
- MST = 260d (~9m)
Portanova et al 2024
348
What's the outcome of MOC (melphalan, vincristine, cytozar) for treatment of relapsed canine LSA?
RR = 38%, CR in 19%
MPFI = 29d
349
What's the difference in outcome for cats receiving hypofractionated RT alone or in combination with CHOP for nasal lymphoma?
RT + Chemo:
- PFI = 677d (1.9y)
- MST = 983d (2.6y)
RT only
- PFI = 104d (3.5m)
- MST = 263d (8.8m)
Goto et al 2022
350
Is neutrophilia a good or bad prognostic factor for dogs with LSA treated with CHOP?
- has shorter PFI and RR compared to those with normal neutrophil counts
- PFI: 70d vs 184.5d (2.5 vs 6m)
- RR: 75% vs. 97%
Veluvolu et al 2021
351
What's the MST of dogs with multicentric LSA treated with prednisone only?
50days
pred: 40mg/m2 PO x 7 d then 20mg/m2 PO thereafer
Rassnick et al 2021
352
What are some uncommon side effects with Elspar in dogs?
- uric acid crystalluria (Tvedten et al 2019)
-
353
Is a 12week CHOP-based protocol better than the CHOP-19?
No, even though it's more dose intense.
12week:
- PFS = 141d (3m)
- MST = 229d (7m)
19week:
- PFS = 245d (8m)
- MST = 346d (1y)
Vos et al 2019
354
What are some common bloodwork changes and what's the outcome for dogs with primary renal LSA?
Azotemia and erythrocytosis were common.
MPFI = 10d
MST = 12d
if responded to chemo, MPF = 41d, MST = 47d
Taylor et al 2019
355
What's the difference in outcome with hypercalcemic T cell LSA treated with L-CHOP vs MOPP?
median PFI:
133d (4m) for L-CHOP
97d (3m) for MOPP
Angeloa et al 2019
356
What's the outcome of RT for feline nasal LSA?
median PFI = 974d
MST = 922d
1/3 of cats developed systemic disease
Meier et al 2019
357
What are some radiographic features to distinguish between thymoma and mediastinal LSA?
If you can see at least 2 distinct margins on the laterals, then it's more likely to be thymoma than LSA
Oura et al 2019
358
What is the grading system for canine lymphoma?
Low, intermediate, high
## Footnote
High includes diffuse large cell, centroblastic, and immunoblastic lymphomas.
359
What percentage of canine lymphomas are of B-cell origin?
60% to 80%
360
What are the common abnormalities noted on thoracic radiographs in dogs with multicentric lymphoma?
60-75% of dogs will have abnormalities
o 1/3 will have evidence of pulmonary infiltration
o 2/3 with pulmonary lymphadenopathy and widening of the cranial mediastinum
## Footnote
1/3 will show pulmonary infiltration, 2/3 will have pulmonary lymphadenopathy.
361
What is the most common form of canine lymphoma?
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)
362
What is the median survival time (MST) for dogs with CD8+ T-cell lymphoma?
198 days (6m)
363
What is the MST for dogs with CD4-/CD8- T-cell lymphoma?
145 days (5m)
364
What is the overall MST for diffuse small cell B-cell lymphoma?
140 days (4.5m)
365
What percentage of dogs have alimentary lymphoma?
5-7%
366
What are the clinical signs of cutaneous lymphoma?
Scaling, alopecia, and pruritus
367
What is the most common presentation of ocular lymphoma in dogs?
Anterior uveitis
368
Which lymphocyte type is more prevalent in canine cutaneous lymphomas?
T-cells
369
What is the common treatment response for dogs with large granular lymphocyte lymphoma?
74% response rate with MTD chemotherapy
MST = 28d (1m)
370
What is a common paraneoplastic syndrome associated with lymphoma?
Anemia
371
What is the differential diagnosis for lymphocytosis in dogs?
Infectious diseases, post-vaccinal responses, IL-2 administration
372
What is the predominant type of lymphocyte in normal dog blood?
T cells (approximately 80%)
373
What is the median survival time (MST) for dogs with aggressive CD4- CD8- T-cell leukemia?
83 days with aggressive therapy
374
What is the significance of elevated SDMA levels in dogs?
Strong correlation with the presence of lymphoma
375
What is the sensitivity of PARR in differentiating lymphoma types?
70% to 90%
376
What are the T-cell markers used in cytology for lymphoma diagnosis?
CD3, CD4, CD8
377
What histological feature is associated with poor prognosis in cutaneous lymphomas?
Extensive infiltration of the panniculus
378
What is the MST for dogs treated with splenectomy for indolent lymphoma?
> 1 year
379
What is the effectiveness of total body irradiation (TBI) in relapsed canine lymphoma?
Not effective
380
What is the disease-free rate for B-cell lymphoma treated with HBI and CHOP?
2y disease free rate = 56%, with 78% survival
381
What percentage of canine lymphomas are considered low-grade?
5.3%–29%
382
What is the survival time without treatment for dogs with intermediate- or high-grade lymphoma?
4 to 6 weeks
## Footnote
Significant variability exists in survival times.
383
What is the overall response rate (ORR) for CHOP 19 protocol?
80-90%
## Footnote
Median survival time (MST) is 10-12 months.
384
What is the median progression-free interval (PFI) for CHOP 15 protocol?
140 days (4.6 months)
## Footnote
ORR is 100% with a complete response (CR) rate of 84%.
385
What are the expected response rates for CCNU?
50-87%
## Footnote
Median survival time (MST) is 3-4 months.
386
What is the overall response rate (ORR) for Tanovea?
80%
## Footnote
Median survival time (MST) is approximately 4 months.
387
What are the common adverse events associated with Tanovea treatment?
Diarrhea, decreased appetite, vomiting
dermatopathy, pulmonary fibrosis
## Footnote
These events were generally low grade and reversible.
388
What is the overall response rate (ORR) for naive T cell dogs treated with LOPP?
97%
## Footnote
Median survival time (MST) is around 11 months.
389
What is the median time to response for doxorubicin alternating with rabacfosadine?
21.5 days
## Footnote
Overall response rate (ORR) is 93%.
390
What is the median overall survival time (OST) for dogs treated with L-CHOP?
235 days (8 months)
## Footnote
96% response rate (RR) with 88% achieving CR.
391
What is the median progression-free interval (PFI) for cutaneous LSA treated with chemotherapy?
3-6 months
## Footnote
Mucocutaneous LSA typically has a better outcome compared to cutaneous.
392
What type of lymphoma generally has a median survival time (MST) of a few months with CHOP-based therapy?
GI LSA
## Footnote
Presumed large cell lymphoma treated with weekly Elspar shows a response rate of 56%.
393
What is the median overall survival time (OST) for dogs with colorectal LSA?
5 years
## Footnote
Median progression-free interval (PFI) is 3.6 years.
394
True or False: Monoclonal antibodies like rituximab have cross-reactivity with dogs.
False
## Footnote
Canine anti-CD20 1E4-cIgGB shown to deplete B-cells through treatment.
395
What are the expected median survival times for small cell T cell GI lymphoma?
1.5-2 years
## Footnote
Treated with prednisone and chlorambucil.
396
What is the expected overall response rate (ORR) for dogs treated with doxorubicin and rabacfosadine?
93%
## Footnote
79% complete response (CR) and 14% partial response (PR).
397
What is the median PFI for T cell LSA treated with LOPP?
176 days (6 months)
## Footnote
Median overall survival time (MST) is approximately 11 months.
398
What is the relationship between dose intensity of CHOP-based protocols and treatment outcomes?
Not correlated
## Footnote
Dose intensity does not correlate with overall response or survival outcomes.
399
Fill in the blank: The overall response rate for CHOP 12 protocol is approximately _______
90%
## Footnote
Median survival time (MST) is about 8 months.
400
What is the median survival time (MST) for spinal LSA?
MST = 171d (~6m)
401
What is the typical treatment combination for spinal LSA?
Combination of Sx, RT, and chemotherapy
402
How does the prognosis of mucocutaneous LSA compare to cutaneous LSA?
Mucocutaneous has a better outcome compared to cutaneous
403
What is the response rate (RR) for cutaneous LSA treated with various chemotherapy?
RR = 40-80%
404
What is the median duration of remission for cutaneous LSA?
Median duration of remission ~ 3-6m
405
What is the median survival time (MST) for epitheliotropic cutaneous LSA in the dog?
MST = 141d (~5m)
406
What is the median survival time (MST) for non-epitheliotropic cutaneous LSA in the dog?
MST = 374d (~1y)
407
What are key prognostic factors for canine lymphomas?
* Presence of neoplastic lymphocytes in peripheral blood
* Thrombocytopenia
* Initial chemotherapeutic response
408
What is the median progression-free interval (PFI) for marginal zone LSA?
Median PFI = 5m
409
What is the median survival time (MST) for marginal zone LSA?
MST = 8.5m
410
What is the typical treatment regimen for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
Chlorambucil and prednisone
411
What is the initial dosing for chlorambucil in CLL treatment?
0.2mg/kg (or 6mg/m2) PO daily x 7-14d
412
What is the median survival time (MST) for T-CLL?
MST = 930d (31m)
413
True or False: If lymphocyte count >30k in CD8+ CLL, MST is lower.
True
414
What is the MST for B-CLL?
MST = 480d (16m)
415
What is the median survival time (MST) for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with vincristine and prednisone?
MST = 120d (4m)
416
What is the expected response rate (CR or PR) for ALL treatment?
29%
417
What is the median survival time (MST) for CHOP-based CD34+ ALL?
MST = 16d
418
What is the median response duration for rescue protocols in relapsed LSA?
Typical median response duration = 1.5-2.5m
419
What is the reinduction rate for dogs that have completed the CHOP-based protocol without relapse?
Reinduction rate ~80-90%
420
What is the response rate (RR) for MOPP chemotherapy for relapsed LSA in dogs?
RR = 65%
421
What is the median duration of response for MOPP chemotherapy of relapsed LSA in dogs?
Median duration of response = 61d
422
What is the median survival time (MST) for MVPP of relapsed LSA in dogs?
MST = 45d
423
What is the overall response rate (ORR) for MOC in the treatment of relapsed LSA in dogs
ORR = 38%, 19% CR
424
What is the median progression-free interval (PFI) for MOC for relapsed LSA in dogs?
Median PFI = 29d
425
What is the most common tumor in the GI tract of cats?
Alimentary/GI lymphoma
## Footnote
Alimentary lymphoma is primarily divided into T cell and B cell types, with T cell occurring at around 10-13 years and B cell at about 12 years.
426
What are the three types of alimentary lymphoma?
* Low grade
* Intermediate-high grade
* Large granular
## Footnote
Low grade can be confused with lymphocytic plasmacytic enteritis.
427
What percentage of feline lymphoma cases are nodal lymphoma?
4-10%
## Footnote
Nodal lymphoma can present with Hodgkin’s-like features.
428
What is the median survival time (MST) for nodal Hodgkin's lymphoma?
~1 year
## Footnote
Nodal lymphoma typically presents with few clinical signs and is generally indolent.
429
True or False: Mediastinal lymphoma often presents with hypercalcemia.
False
## Footnote
Hypercalcemia is rare in cases of mediastinal lymphoma.
430
What is the most common extranodal lymphoma in cats?
Nasal lymphoma
## Footnote
At least 75% of nasal lymphoma cases are B cell type.
431
What is the MST with enucleation for ocular lymphoma?
6 months to 4 years
## Footnote
Enucleation can be part of the treatment plan.
432
Fill in the blank: The prognosis for low grade alimentary lymphoma is primarily determined by the _______.
Response to therapy
## Footnote
This is the most consistent prognostic factor for low grade alimentary lymphoma.
433
What is the MST for cats with high grade GI lymphoma treated with surgical resection and CHOP-based chemotherapy?
417 days (14 months)
## Footnote
This treatment showed a median disease-free interval of 357 days.
434
What chemotherapy protocol has a response rate of over 80% for low grade alimentary lymphoma?
Chlorambucil and Prednisolone
## Footnote
This regimen involves chlorambucil at 2mg PO daily or 20mg/m2 q2w.
435
What is the median progression-free interval (PFI) for cats achieving complete remission (CR) with CHOP-based chemotherapy?
205 days (7 months)
## Footnote
The median overall survival time for cats in CR is 318 days (10.5 months).
436
What is the response rate for pegylated L-asparaginase therapy in feline large cell lymphoma?
74.1%
## Footnote
This treatment showed a median disease-free interval of 70 days.
437
What is the MST for cats with large granular lymphoma?
21 days
## Footnote
This type of lymphoma has a low response rate, with approximately one-third responding to treatment.
438
What is the median survival time (MST) for nasal lymphoma treated with radiation therapy?
1.5-3 years
## Footnote
If no complete response is achieved, the MST drops to 4.5 months.
439
What is the common treatment for mediastinal lymphoma?
COP/CHOP based chemotherapy
## Footnote
This treatment has a high overall response rate of approximately 95%.
440
What is the typical age range for diagnosis of T cell alimentary lymphoma in cats?
10-13 years
## Footnote
B cell lymphoma is typically diagnosed around 12 years of age.
441
What is the percentage of cats with subcutaneous lymphoma that have high-grade B cell lymphoma?
Approximately two-thirds
## Footnote
The remaining third may present with high-grade T cell lymphoma.
442
What is the treatment of choice for nasal lymphoma?
Radiation therapy
## Footnote
This approach has high complete response rates and significant median survival times.
443
What is the expected median duration of remission for cats treated with COP chemotherapy?
251 days (8 months)
## Footnote
This protocol has a high complete response rate of 75.4%.
444
What is the median survival time (MST) for cats treated with CHOP or CCNU for granular cell LSA?
45-90 days
445
What percentage of cats may experience a robust response (>6 months survival time) in the small subset of cats with large granular cell LSA?
7%
446
What is the overall response rate (ORR) for mediastinal lymphoma treated with COP/CHOP?
95%
447
What is the overall median survival time (MST) for mediastinal lymphoma if complete remission (CR) is achieved?
980 days (2.7 years)
448
What was the response rate (RR) for cats that were FeLV positive and treated with COP?
96%
449
What is the overall median survival time (MST) for FeLV positive cats treated with chemotherapy for mediastinal LSA?
338 days
450
What is the overall median survival time (MST) for cats with mediastinal lymphoma treated with LOPH protocol?
214 days
451
What is the complete remission (CR) rate for nasal lymphoma with COP/CHOP only?
75%
452
What is the median survival time (MST) for cats with renal lymphoma treated with COP/CHOP?
4-7 months
453
What is the complete remission (CR) rate for tracheal/laryngeal lymphoma treated with COP/CHOP?
90%
454
What is the median survival time (MST) for cats with CNS lymphoma?
1-4 months
455
What is the median survival time (MST) for subcutaneous lymphoma treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy?
216 days (9 months)
456
What is the complete response (CR) rate for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated with CHOP/COP?
27%
457
What is the response rate (RR) for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) treated with prednisolone and chlorambucil?
90%
458
What is the median duration of remission for CLL?
6 months
459
What is the overall median survival time (MST) for rescue protocols for low-grade alimentary lymphoma?
9-29 months
460
What is the median progression-free survival (PFS) for intermediate/high grade alimentary lymphoma treated with CCNU, methotrexate, and cytarabine in relapsed setting for intermediate/large GI LSA in cats?
61 days
461
What is the response rate (RR) for the MOPP protocol for intermediate/large GI LSA in cats?
70.3%
462
What is the median duration of response for the MOPP protocol for intermediate/large GI LSA in cats?
166 days
463
What was the median duration of response for the MOMP protocol for intermediate/large GI LSA in cats?
39 days
464
What percentage of cats had a response with the MOMP protocol in relapsed setting?
58%
465
What is Myelodysplasia?
A preleukemic syndrome characterized by peripheral pancytopenia and bone marrow hyperplasia with maturation arrest but does not always progress to leukemia.
## Footnote
Described in cats, usually in association with FeLV; rare in dogs.
466
What is the common outcome of uncontrolled proliferation or decreased apoptosis in relation to AML?
Accumulation of poorly differentiated 'blast' cells.
## Footnote
This leads to Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML).
467
List some examples of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms.
* Polycythemia vera
* Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
* Essential thrombocythemia
* Possibly primary myelofibrosis
468
What is the relative frequency of subtypes of AML in decreasing order?
* 42% monocytic leukemia (M5a, M5b)
* 33% myelomonocytic leukemia (M4)
* 13% myeloblastic leukemia without differentiation (M1)
* 5% megakaryoblastic leukemia (M7)
* 1 each of myeloblastic leukemia with some differentiation (M2) and erythroleukemia (M6)
469
What is the typical prognosis for AML treatment without supportive care?
MST = 1-2 weeks.
470
What is the aim of treatment for Polycythemia Vera?
Reduce PCV to 50-60% of its starting value.
## Footnote
Phlebotomies can safely remove 20ml/kg, and electrolytes should be replaced with crystalloid.
471
What mutation is commonly found in dogs with Polycythemia Vera?
JAK2 mutation.
472
What is a characteristic sign of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)?
Neutrophils and neutrophilic precursors accumulate in the bone marrow and peripheral blood with counts exceeding 100k/μL.
473
What is the chromosomal translocation associated with CML?
Bcr-abl translocation of chromosomes 9 and 26 (Raleigh chromosome).
474
What is the treatment for Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia?
Gleevec (imatinib) or hydroxyurea as the most effective agent during the chronic phase.
## Footnote
Vincristine and prednisone may also be used for shorter remission.
475
True or False: Essential Thrombocythemia presents with blast cells in circulation.
False.
476
What is Myelofibrosis?
Collagen deposition in bone marrow and increased numbers of megakaryocytes and granulocytic precursors, which exhibit morphologic abnormalities.
477
What are the three subtypes of Myelodysplastic Syndrome?
* MDS with excessive blasts (MDS-EB)
* MDS with refractory cytopenia (MDS-RC)
* MDS with erythroid predominance (MDS-ER)
478
What is the typical treatment approach for Myelodysplastic Syndrome?
No standard therapy; transfusion and growth factors may be given as needed.
479
What mutations have been identified in dogs with AML?
Missense mutations in flt3, c-kit, and ras sequences.
480
Fill in the blank: The prognosis for most dogs with AML is often poor despite _______.
aggressive chemotherapy.
481
What is the typical lifespan for dogs diagnosed with CML?
Generally, can live >1 year but will eventually enter a terminal 'blast crisis.'
482
What are some clinical signs of Basophilic and Eosinophilic Leukemia?
Anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and thrombocytosis may be present.
483
What is the M component in relation to malignant plasma cells?
An overabundance of a single type of immunoglobulin produced by malignant plasma cells
## Footnote
In dogs, this is usually IgA or IgG; in cats, it may be more IgG than IgA.
484
What is the prognosis for dogs with Multiple Myeloma?
Good for initial control; MST = 540d (~1.5y) to 960d (2.5y) reported
## Footnote
43% achieve complete remission (CR) and 49% partial remission (PR).
485
What is the prognosis for cats with Multiple Myeloma?
Not as good as in dogs; MST = 8-13m
## Footnote
50-83% will respond to therapy.
486
What percentage of dogs with Multiple Myeloma will have radiographic evidence of bone disease?
25-67%
## Footnote
In cats, this varies from 8% to 65%.
487
What are common sites affected by bone lesions in dogs with Multiple Myeloma?
* Vertebrae
* Ribs
* Pelvis
* Skull
* Metaphyses of long bones
## Footnote
Bones engaged in active hematopoiesis are more commonly affected.
488
What is a bleeding diathesis in the context of Multiple Myeloma?
Interference with coagulation due to M component
## Footnote
10-30% of dogs and up to 25% of cats show clinical evidence of hemorrhage.
489
What syndrome is more common in IgM Multiple Myeloma?
Hyperviscosity Syndrome (HVS)
## Footnote
Causes various symptoms including neurologic signs and ophthalmic abnormalities.
490
What percentage of dogs with Multiple Myeloma experience renal disease?
25-50%
## Footnote
In cats, 30-40% may have azotemia.
491
What is Bence Jones proteinuria?
Presence of light-chain protein in urine
## Footnote
Noted in 25-40% of dogs and ~40% of cats with Multiple Myeloma.
492
What are common clinical signs of Multiple Myeloma in dogs?
* Anemia
* Thrombocytopenia
* Hypercalcemia
* Bone lesions
## Footnote
50-67% of dogs may show anemia.
493
What is the typical treatment for dogs with Multiple Myeloma?
Melphalan is the chemotherapy of choice
## Footnote
Continuous dosing is 0.1mg/kg PO daily for 10 days, then 0.05mg/kg daily.
494
What is the response rate for melphalan in dogs with Multiple Myeloma?
Overall response rate (ORR) = 86%
## Footnote
94% for pulse dosing and 79% for daily dosing.
495
What is the MST for cats treated with melphalan?
Approximately 8-13 months
## Footnote
Cats are more myelosuppressive than dogs.
496
What are the common locations for extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) in dogs?
* Cutaneous
* Oral cavity and lips
* GI tract
## Footnote
Cutaneous EMP is typically benign.
497
What is the prognosis for solitary and EMP in dogs?
Good prognosis with low local recurrence rate
## Footnote
Local recurrence rate ~ 5%.
498
What factors are considered negative prognostic indicators for dogs with Multiple Myeloma?
* Hypercalcemia
* Bence Jones proteinuria
* Extensive bony lysis
## Footnote
These factors have been shown to vary in prognostic significance across cohorts.
499
What is the median survival time (MST) for aggressive Multiple Myeloma in cats?
5 days
## Footnote
Nonaggressive MST is 387 days.
500
What is the role of surgery in treating cutaneous and oral EMP in dogs?
Almost always benign with good prognosis
## Footnote
MST for oral EMP = 973 days (2.7 years).
501
What percentage of cats with Multiple Myeloma may respond to cyclophosphamide?
83-100%
## Footnote
Response rates can vary based on the protocol used.
502
What is the typical follow-up for dogs treated with chemotherapy for Multiple Myeloma?
Subjective improvement noted within 3-4 weeks
## Footnote
Laboratory improvement usually noted within 3-6 weeks.
503
What is the significance of histopathologic grading in dogs and cats with Multiple Myeloma?
Not prognostic in large compilations of cases
## Footnote
Certain types may act more aggressively, but grading alone does not determine prognosis.
504
What is the response rate for chlorambucil in cats with Multiple Myeloma?
100% response rate
## Footnote
Indicates high efficacy in treating this condition.
505
What is the overall survival time (ST) for cutaneous plasmacytosis treated with melphalan or CCNU?
542d (1.5y)
## Footnote
This indicates the total duration of survival for the treatment evaluated.
506
What was the survival duration for a cat treated with melphalan?
>4y
## Footnote
This highlights the effectiveness of melphalan in extending survival in certain cases.
507
What are some available rescue protocols for Multiple Myeloma?
* Cyclophosphamide
* Chlorambucil
* Lomustine
## Footnote
These are alternative alkylating agents that can be used in treatment.
508
What is the typical response duration for most dogs to rescue protocols?
Months
## Footnote
While initial responses may be positive, they tend to be short-lived.
509
What was the response rate for Tanovea in the study?
81%
## Footnote
This indicates a high efficacy in the treatment evaluated.
510
What was the median survival duration observed with Tanovea?
172d (~6m)
## Footnote
This reflects the duration of survival for dogs treated with Tanovea.
511
What type of drug is GS-9219?
A double prodrug of the acyclic nucleotide PMEG
## Footnote
This classification indicates its mechanism of action in cancer treatment.
512
True or False: Most dogs will have a long-lasting response to rescue protocols.
False
## Footnote
Responses are typically short-lived, lasting only months.
513
What is the most common primary site for hemangiosarcoma in dogs?
Spleen
## Footnote
The second most common site is the heart, which is the most common cardiac neoplasm in dogs.
514
What is the metastatic route for hemangiosarcoma?
Hematogenous route or direct implantation
515
What percentage of dogs with hemangiosarcoma have metastasis?
75%
## Footnote
Skeletal metastasis is found in approximately 25% of dogs.
516
What is the median survival time (MST) for dogs undergoing surgery only for splenic hemangiosarcoma?
19-86 days
517
What is the impact of adding chemotherapy to surgery for splenic hemangiosarcoma?
MST = 5-7 months
518
What is the MST for stage I hemangiosarcoma?
239-355 days (8-11 months)
519
What is the MST for cardiac hemangiosarcoma?
Less than 2 weeks
520
What is the MST for renal hemangiosarcoma?
9 months
521
What is the MST for retroperitoneal hemangiosarcoma?
37.5 days, 168 days, 328 days
522
What is the MST for cutaneous hemangiosarcoma with surgery alone?
780-987 days (2-2.7 years)
523
What is the common primary site for hemangiosarcoma in cats?
Cutaneous and visceral
524
What is the percentage of cats with AST elevation due to hemangiosarcoma?
Greater than 50%
525
What is the MST for visceral hemangiosarcoma in cats?
~77-197 days (2-6 months)
526
What is the common laboratory finding in hemangiosarcoma cases?
Thrombocytopenia (75-97% of cases)
527
What is the sensitivity of chest radiographs in detecting pulmonary metastasis?
75% with 3 views
528
What is the main treatment for cutaneous and subcutaneous hemangiosarcoma in cats?
Treated like a soft tissue sarcoma (STS)
529
What factors are associated with lower survival in dogs with splenic hemangiosarcoma?
Presence of metastases at diagnosis and sternal lymph node enlargement
530
What is the MST for visceral hemangiosarcoma with surgery alone?
66 days (2 months)
531
What is the MST when surgery is combined with doxorubicin for visceral hemangiosarcoma?
274 days (9 months)
532
What is the MST for non-splenic hemangiosarcoma treated with palliative radiation therapy?
95 days
533
What does the DAV protocol consist of?
Doxorubicin, dacarbazine, vincristine
534
What is the response rate (RR) for the DAV protocol for canine splenic HSA?
47%
535
What is the MST for dogs treated with the VAC protocol for stage III hemangiosarcoma?
195 days (6.5 months)
536
What is the common biomarker significantly elevated in cardiac hemangiosarcoma?
Troponin I
537
What clinical characteristic is found in nearly 50% of patients with visceral hemangiosarcoma?
Pt/PTT/DIC
538
What is the MST for cardiac hemangiosarcoma if surgical intervention is performed?
1-3 months, up to 175 days reported with chemotherapy (~6 months)
539
What is the significance of doxorubicin in the treatment of hemangiosarcoma?
Can be used to palliate non-resectable subcutaneous or intramuscular hemangiosarcoma
540
What is the MST for adjuvant AC chemotherapy combined with L-MTP-PE?
9.1 months
## Footnote
Compared to 5.7 months for AC alone.
541
What is the MST for dogs treated with doxorubicin and maintenance with Palladia?
169 days
## Footnote
Compared to 172 days for all dogs.
542
What is the DFI for all dogs post-splenectomy and doxorubicin treatment?
138 days
## Footnote
4.6 months for all dogs.
543
What is the MST for eBat treatment?
8.5 months
## Footnote
With a 70.6% six-month survival rate.
544
What is the overall MST for splenectomy combined with I'm Yunity or doxorubicin?
98 days
## Footnote
The MST varies with different combinations.
545
What is the MST for I'm Yunity only after splenectomy for canine splenic HSA?
57 days
546
What is the MST for doxorubicin only after splenectomy for canine splenic HSA?
176 days
547
What is the MST for doxorubicin combined with I'm Yunity after splenectomy for canine splenic HSA?
164 days
548
Did I'm Yunity improve survival time (ST) when combined with other treatments?
No
549
What is the main conclusion regarding the allogenic tumour cell lysate vaccine combined with doxorubicin?
No significant improvement in survival
550
What is the metastatic rate of thymoma in cats?
Up to 20%
## Footnote
Cystic thymoma in cats has a reported metastatic rate.
551
What paraneoplastic syndrome is noted in up to 67% of dogs with thymoma?
Myasthenia gravis
## Footnote
Myasthenia gravis is most common in dogs and occurs in up to 40% of cases.
552
What is the most common paraneoplastic syndrome associated with thymoma in dogs?
Myasthenia gravis
553
What concurrent conditions may occur with myasthenia gravis in dogs?
* Megaesophagus
* Aspiration pneumonia
## Footnote
These conditions occur in up to 40% of dogs with myasthenia gravis.
554
What is the prevalence of hypercalcemia in dogs with thymoma?
36% of 116 dogs
555
What diagnostic method is challenging for thymoma differentiation?
Cytology
556
What percentage of mediastinal masses can have a presumptive diagnosis of thymoma after FNA cytology?
* 20%
* 40%
* 77%
## Footnote
These percentages reflect the varying effectiveness of FNA cytology in diagnosing thymoma.
557
What are the prognostic factors for dogs with thymoma?
* Pre-op myasthenia gravis
* Low intertumoral lymphocytes
* Lower Masaoga-Koga stage
## Footnote
Historical studies indicated pre-op myasthenia gravis was prognostic, but recent studies suggest otherwise.
558
What is the median survival time (MST) for dogs undergoing surgery for thymoma?
790 days (2 years)
559
What is the peri-operative mortality rate in dogs undergoing thymoma surgery?
20-27%
560
What is the MST for cats undergoing surgery for thymoma?
1825 days (5 years)
561
What is the response rate (RR) for CFRT in dogs with thymoma?
75% (11/20 PR, 4/20 CR)
562
What is the median progression-free survival (PFS) for dogs receiving SBRT?
116 days (4 months)
563
What is the local recurrence rate for canine TVT?
30-75%
564
What are the three distinct phases of growth for TVT?
* Progressive phase (P)
* Stationary phase (S)
* Regressive phase (R)
565
What is the chemotherapy drug most effective for TVT?
Vincristine
566
What percentage of dogs with mesothelioma are male, and which breed is overrepresented?
Primarily male dogs, with German shepherds overrepresented
567
What is the MST for dogs following pericardiectomy for mesothelioma?
13.6 months
568
What is the median survival time (MST) for pleural mesothelioma treated with chemotherapy?
214 days
569
What is the most common cardiac tumor in dogs?
Hemangiosarcoma
570
What is the metastatic rate of heart base tumors?
29-32%
571
What diagnostic tool has a sensitivity of only 47% for cardiac tumors?
Radiographs
572
What is the overall response rate (ORR) for Palladia in treating heart base tumors?
89%
573
What is the MST for dogs treated with Palladia for heart base tumors?
478 days (1.3 years)
574
What is the MST for cats with cardiac lymphoma who received no treatment?
Approximately 9 days
575
What characterizes a cutaneous histiocytoma?
Benign tumour of the Langerhans cells, single lesion in young dogs (<3y)
576
What is the typical growth and regression pattern of cutaneous histiocytoma?
Can grow rapidly in 1-4 weeks, but spontaneously regress in 1-2 months
577
What distinguishes cutaneous Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis from a histiocytoma?
Multiple or diffuse cutaneous tumors with more cellular atypia
578
What is the prognosis for solitary cutaneous Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis with LN metastasis?
Can be treated with surgery with good long-term outcome (1-4 years)
579
What is reactive histiocytosis?
Benign, diffuse aggregation of histiocytes that grows rapidly into nodules, plaques, and crusts
580
Which immunosuppressive treatments are effective for reactive histiocytosis?
Prednisone, azathioprine, niacinamide
581
What are common clinical findings in systemic histiocytosis?
Anemia, monocytosis, lymphopenia, hypercalcemia
582
Which breeds are overrepresented in systemic histiocytosis?
Bernese Mountain Dog, Rottweiler, Golden Retriever, Irish Wolfhound
583
What is the median survival time (MST) for periarticular histiocytic sarcoma (PAHS) after amputation?
6 months
584
What is the most common periarticular tumor in dogs?
Histiocytic sarcoma
585
What immunohistochemistry markers aid in differentiating PAHS and synovial cell sarcoma?
CD18 (+), cytokeratin (-), smooth muscle actin (-)
586
What are common hematologic findings in dogs with Hemophagocytic Histiocytic Sarcoma?
Regenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, hypocholesterolemia
587
What is the median survival time (MST) for Hemophagocytic Histiocytic Sarcoma?
1-2 months
588
What is the presentation of Feline Histiocytic Sarcoma?
Multifocal or disseminated disease, common bone marrow involvement
589
What is the prognosis for localized form of Feline Histiocytic Sarcoma?
Prolonged outcome (1 year+ possible)
590
What is the clinical significance of pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis in cats?
Respiratory compromise, often leads to euthanasia
591
What are prognostic factors for Histiocytic Sarcoma in certain dog breeds?
Deletions of tumor suppressor genes CDKN2A/B, RB1, PTEN
592
What is the median survival time (MST) for localized splenic histiocytic sarcoma?
427 days (1.3 years)
593
What is the response rate (RR) for CCNU in treating histiocytic sarcoma?
46%
594
What is the median survival time (MST) for doxorubicin treatment in HS?
169 days
595
What is the event-free survival for Dacarbazine used as a rescue protocol for HS?
70 days
596
What is the significance of Thy-1 and CD4 expression in reactive histiocytosis?
Aids in identification of the cell of origin
597
What is the metastatic rate for periarticular histiocytic sarcoma (PAHS) after amputation?
91%
598
True or False: Systemic histiocytosis spontaneously resolves.
False
599
600
What is the metastatic rate for Grade 1 cutaneous mast cell tumors?
< 10%
601
What is the metastatic rate for Grade 3 cutaneous mast cell tumors?
55-96%
602
What is the MST for dogs with cutaneous mast cell tumors?
14 months
603
What percentage of dogs with mast cell tumors present with multiple lesions?
11% to 14%
604
What are the common clinical signs of primary GI mast cell tumors?
* vomiting
* diarrhea
* melena
605
What percentage of dogs with GI MCT are alive at 6m?
< 10%
606
What percentage of dogs with mast cell tumors that underwent necropsy had GI ulceration?
35% to 83%
607
What is the prognosis for mast cell tumors originating in the viscera or bone marrow?
Grave prognosis
608
What percentage of buffy coat smears are positive for mast cells for dogs with visceral MCT?
37%
609
What percentage of bone marrow aspirates reveal mast cell dissemination in dogs with visceral MCT?
56%
610
What is the prognosis for conjunctival mast cell tumors?
Good prognosis
611
What percentage of dogs with cutaneous mastocytosis may achieve complete remission (CR)?
About 1/3
612
What are the key prognostic factors for mast cell tumors?
* Clinical factors
* Cytologic factors
* Histopathologic factors
* Molecular factors
613
What mutations are associated with 20% to 40% of intermediate- and high-grade mast cell tumors?
c-kit mutations
614
What does IHC detection of pKIT correlate with?
* Aggressive behavior
* Aberrant KIT localization
* High mitotic index
* High histologic grade
615
What is the mortality rate for Grade II/Low MCT?
17%
616
What is the mortality rate for Grade II/High MCT?
56%
617
What is the MST for poorly differentiated tumors with lymph node metastasis?
194 days
618
What is the MST for dogs with no lymph node metastasis?
503 days
619
What is the benefit of regional lymphadenectomy in dogs with stage II cutaneous mast cell tumors?
Improves prognosis
620
What is the median survival time for dogs with low-grade cutaneous mast cell tumors undergoing surgical excision?
Good prognosis
621
What negative prognostic factors are associated with mast cell tumors?
* Rapid growth
* Symptomatic (local and systemic)
* Recurrence
622
Fill in the blank: The presence of a high mitotic index (>4) is linked to _______ for MCT.
Decreased survival
623
What is the local recurrence rate for incompletely removed mast cell tumors?
6.6%
624
What is the overall response rate for multi-agent chemotherapy protocols for canine MCT?
Up to 64%
625
What is the complete response rate for the vinblastine/prednisone combination for canine MCT?
40.9%
626
What is the median progression-free survival (PFS) for dogs treated with cyclophosphamide, vinblastine, and prednisone for MCT?
865 days
627
What treatment is associated with a median survival time of 227 days for mastocytosis?
CCNU/vinblastine/prednisone
628
What is the MST when treating mastocytosis with Palladia?
118 days
629
True or False: High Ki67/PCNA/AgNOR scores positively correlate with tumor grade.
True
630
What are the components of the first treatment regimen for high-risk microscopic mastocytosis?
Lomustine, vinblastine, prednisone
631
What is the median progression-free survival (PFS) for the treatment of high-risk microscopic mastocytosis?
35 weeks (8 months)
632
What is the overall survival time (OST) for the treatment regimen including cyclophosphamide, vinblastine, and prednisone for mastocytosis?
48 weeks (11 months)
633
What is the median survival time (MST) for dogs with mastocytosis treated with CCNU/vinblastine/prednisone?
227 days (7 months)
634
What negative prognostic factors are associated with mastocytosis?
* Presence of mast cells in the blood
* Evidence of disease in more than 2 sites
635
What was the response rate (RR) for prednisone treatment in dogs with MCT?
RR ranges 51.8% to >80%
636
What is the maximum diameter reduction achieved with prednisone treatment?
~45.2%
637
What is the objective response rate (ORR) for Palladia in the treatment of mast cell tumors for MCT?
42%
638
What is the median duration of response for Palladia for canine MCT?
12 weeks (3 months)
639
What is the median time to progression (TTP) for Palladia for canine MCT?
18 weeks (4.5 months)
640
In dogs with mast cell tumors, what is the median survival time (MST) when combining Palladia with vinblastine?
3737 days (~1 year)
641
What are the most common adverse effects (AE) of the combination treatment of Palladia and vinblastine?
* GI signs
* Increased liver enzymes
642
What percentage of survival at 2 years is observed with masitinib treatment in dogs with mast cell tumors?
40%
643
What common adverse effects are associated with masitinib?
* Vomiting
* Diarrhea
644
What is the overall response rate (ORR) for imatinib compared to vinblastine and prednisone for MCT?
30.8% vs 9%
645
What was the median survival time (MST) for high-grade intestinal mast cell tumors in cats?
349 days (11 months)
646
What is the reported metastatic rate for cutaneous feline mast cell tumors?
0-5%
647
What is the most common differential diagnosis for splenic disease in cats?
Mast cell tumor (MCT)
648
What percentage of cats with splenic mast cell tumors have bone marrow involvement?
23%
649
What is the median survival time (MST) for cats with gastrointestinal mast cell tumors treated with surgery?
531 days (~1.5 years)
650
What is the treatment outcome for cats with sclerosing mast cell tumors?
23/25 cats died/euthanized within 2 months of diagnosis
651
What is the recommended surgical margin for gastrointestinal mast cell tumors?
5-10 cm
652
What is the control rate achieved with strontium-90 irradiation for mast cell tumors?
98%
653
What is the major adverse effect of toceranib (Palladia) in cats?
Low-grade adverse effects
654
Fill in the blank: The canine grading system has no prognostic value for _______.
cats
655
True or False: Palpation and cytology are predictive for metastasis in feline cutaneous mast cell tumors.
False
656
What percentage of cutaneous and splenic/visceral mast cell tumors in cats had c-kit mutations?
67%
657
What is the significance of a mitotic index greater than 5/10 high power fields (hpf) in feline mast cell tumors?
Prognostic indicator
658
What is the typical metastatic rate for nasal planum tumors in cats?
Low metastatic rate to the LNs in cats
659
What types of tumors are commonly found in the larynx and trachea?
SCC, lymphoma, adenocarcinoma, poorly differentiated round cell tumors
660
What is the prognosis for nasal planum resection in dogs?
Generally good; recurrence noted in 2/6 cases when incompletely removed
661
What is the median disease-free interval (DFI) for solitary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in cats?
594 days (1.6 years)
662
What is the most common tumor type in the larynx?
Rhabdomyosarcoma and oncocytoma
663
What percentage of cats experience recurrence after surgery for nasal planum tumors?
<10%
664
What are the common complications of palliative stenting in dogs with tracheal tumors?
Stent migration, fracture, granulation tissue formation, coughing, pneumonia, death
665
Fill in the blank: The median survival time (MST) for solitary SCC in cats is ______.
673 days (1.8 years)
666
What is the recommended treatment for cats with tracheal carcinoma?
Combination of surgery and RT; MST 4-5 months
667
True or False: Radiation therapy is the treatment of choice for nasal planum tumors in cats.
True
668
What is the local recurrence rate for strontium-90 (Sr-90) treatment in cats?
20%
669
What is the outcome of electrochemotherapy with bleomycin for T3 or T4 nasal planum SCC in cats?
CR + PR = 100%
670
What are the common prognostic factors to identify for a given tumor type?
Clinical, cytologic, histopathologic, and molecular prognostic factors
671
What is the typical outcome for dogs with tracheal chondrosarcoma after treatment?
2/3 dogs have no recurrence
672
What is the median survival time (MST) for cats with nasal planum melanoma?
265 days (8.8 months)
673
What is the percentage of cats that had a complete response (CR) after intralesional carboplatin treatment for nasal planum SCC?
73%
674
What is the response rate for photodynamic therapy in cats with nasal planum tumors?
ORR = 96%
675
What is the DFI for electrochemotherapy with bleomycin for nasal planum SCC in cats?
7-36 months
676
What is the complication associated with permanent tracheostomies in cats with laryngeal carcinoma?
Tracheostomy occlusion
677
What is the recurrence rate for cryosurgery after 2 to 3 treatments for feline nasal SCC?
17-73%
678
What is the general metastatic rate at diagnosis for canine nasal tumours?
Low at diagnosis, but up to 40-50% at time of death.
679
What are the most common sites of metastasis for canine nasal tumours?
* LNs
* Lungs
680
What mutations are commonly found in canine nasal tumours?
* Mutated P53
* VEGFR/EGFR
* PDGFR
* COX-2 expression
681
What percentage of dogs with nasal carcinoma have positive lymph nodes?
10-24%.
682
What is the median survival time (MST) for untreated canine carcinoma?
95 days.
683
What is the MST for Stage 1 canine nasal tumours?
23.4 months.
684
What is the MST for Stage 4 canine nasal tumours?
6.7 months.
685
What is the effect of epistaxis on MST in canine nasal tumours?
With epistaxis, MST = 88 days; without, MST = 224 days.
686
What are some negative prognostic factors for canine nasal tumours?
* Age
* Epistaxis
* Duration of clinical signs
* Tumour stage
* Histologic subtypes
* Tumour expression of survivin
687
How does the prognosis of intranasal OSA compare to intranasal sarcoma treated with radiation therapy?
Intranasal OSA has a better prognosis.
688
What is the MST for large cell intranasal lymphoma?
375 days (1 year).
689
What is the MST for small cell intranasal lymphoma?
823 days (2.25 years).
690
What is the MST for intranasal melanoma treated with radiation therapy?
Not specified; radioresponsive.
691
What is the MST for intranasal mast cell tumours with chemotherapy?
27-134 days (1-4.5 months).
692
What is the general MST for surgery alone in canine nasal tumours?
3-6 months.
693
What is the typical MST for CFRT in canine nasal tumours?
8-19.7 months.
694
What is the median remission time for local control with radiation therapy for nasal tumours in dogs?
312 days (10.5 months).
695
What are some acute adverse effects (AE) of radiation therapy for nasal tumours?
* Oral mucositis
* Keratoconjunctivitis
* Rhinitis
* Desquamation
696
What are some late adverse effects of radiation therapy to the nose?
* Cataracts
* Keratitis
* Uveitis
* Brain necrosis
* Osteonecrosis
* Fibrosis
697
What is the MST with IMRT for canine nasal tumours?
319 days (10 months).
698
What is the MST for SRT in canine nasal tumours?
586 days (1.6 years).
699
What was the median event-free survival for SRT in 2022 canine nasal tumours?
237 days (8 months).
700
What is the MST for repeat radiation therapy after CFRT for canine nasal tumour?
927 days (2.5 years).
701
What is the response rate for cisplatin in nasal tumour therapy?
27%.
702
What is the MST for doxorubicin and carboplatin in canine nasal tumours?
210 days (7 months).
703
What is the most common nasal tumour in felines?
Lymphoma.
704
What is the diagnostic agreement percentage between squash preparation from endoscopic biopsies and histology for feline nasal lymphoma?
> 90%.
705
What is the prognosis for feline nasal lymphoma cases with high proliferative scores?
More likely to respond to RT and have prolonged survival.
706
What is the MST for coarse fractionation radiation therapy for feline nasal tumour?
13 months.
707
What is the response rate for radiation therapy in nasal lymphoma?
70-90%.
708
What is the MST for feline nasal lymphoma with radiation therapy included in the treatment protocol?
174-955 days (0.5-2.6 years).
709
What is the negative prognostic factor associated with cribriform plate lysis?
Negative for nasal lymphoma prognosis.
710
What is the diagnostic accuracy of CT-guided tissue-core biopsies of intrathoracic lesions?
92%
## Footnote
Sensitivity for diagnosing neoplasia was 80%
711
What are the most common complications of CT-guided biopsies for pulmonary masses?
* Pulmonary hemorrhage (30%)
* Pneumothorax (27%)
## Footnote
Procedural complication rate was reported as 43%
712
What is the metastatic rate for pulmonary SCC in dogs?
> 50%
## Footnote
Anaplastic carcinoma has a metastatic rate of > 90%
713
What percentage of lung masses are visible on chest x-rays?
88%
## Footnote
Single masses are visible in 54-87% and multiple masses in 13-37%
714
What is the diagnostic yield of BAL in pulmonary tumors?
* Definitive: 57%
* Supportive: 30%
* Not diagnostic: 14%
## Footnote
8 out of 14 cases were diagnostic
715
What is the median survival time (MST) for dogs with clinical signs of primary lung tumors?
240d (8m)
## Footnote
Non-clinical MST is 545d (1.5y)
716
What is the MST for dogs with no lymphadenopathy?
285d (9.5m)
## Footnote
With lymphadenopathy, MST is 60d (2m)
717
What is the MST for poorly differentiated carcinomas in cats?
75d (2.5m)
## Footnote
Moderately differentiated carcinomas have an MST of 698 (~2y) days
718
What is the treatment of choice for pulmonary tumors?
Surgery
## Footnote
Pneumonectomy is the removal of the entire left or right side of the lungs
719
What percentage of dogs and cats lived to discharge after lung lobectomy?
* Dogs: 94%
* Cats: 86%
## Footnote
Intra-op complication rates are low
720
What is the response rate of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for primary pulmonary carcinomas?
* Complete response: 17%
* Partial response: 42%
* Stable disease: 42%
## Footnote
Progressive disease was found in 7 cases, median 229d post-SBRT
721
When can maximum size reudction be seen for hypofractionated radiation therapy for canine pumonary tumour too big for surgery?
56d to max size reduction
## Footnote
All dogs had acute and late toxicity, but were self-limiting
722
What are the main cytotoxic agents with potential in treating lung tumors?
* Vinorelbine
* Cisplatin
* CCNU for histiocytic sarcoma
## Footnote
No response was seen with mitoxantrone
723
What is the prognosis for cats with lung tumors?
Guarded to poor
## Footnote
Lung lobectomy has an MST of 115d (4m)
724
Fill in the blank: The clinical MST for T1 lung tumors in dogs is _______.
790d (2.1y)
725
True or False: Pleural effusion is less common in cats than in dogs.
False
## Footnote
14-30% of cats will have concurrent pleural effusion
726
What is the significance of histologic grade in lung tumors in cats?
It is the only prognostic factor
## Footnote
Low grade has an MST of 730d (2y) versus high grade with 105d (3.5m)
