Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PCE - Neurology > Tumours and Degenerative neuromuscular/neurological disorders > Flashcards

Tumours and Degenerative neuromuscular/neurological disorders Flashcards

(52 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Tumour etiology

A

viruses, chemical agents, physical agents (radiation, asbestos), drugs, hormones, alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tumour treatment

A

surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, biotherapy, antiangiogenic therapy, hormonal therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Tumour types

A 
Epithelial - Carcinoma 
Mesenchymal - Sarcoma 
Glial - glioma 
Lymphoid - lymphoma 
Hematopoietic - leukemia
Melanocytic - melanoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Types of lung carcinoma

A

squamous metaplasia, squamous dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, invasive carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Colon tumours is the ___ cause of death

A

2nd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Prostate cancer Rx

A

surgery, external beam radiation, brachytherapy, androgen deprivation therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

3 types of skin cancer

A
  • Basal Cell Carcinoma
  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma
  • Malignant melanoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the most common form of skin cancer

A

Basal cell Carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the appearance of Basal cell carcinoma?

High risk or low risk of spreading?

A

Translucent and red in colour

Low risk of spreading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the appearance of Squamous cell carcinoma?

High risk or low risk of spreading?

A

Solid skin tumor, often volcano shaped

High risk for metastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the most dangerous form of skin cancer?

A

Malignant melanoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ABCD rule for melanoma

High risk or low risk of spreading?

A

Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter

High

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mutation in Duchennes muscular dystrophy?

Male or female more?

Maternal or paternal carrier?

A

X-link mutation of Chromosome 21 - Dystrophin protein is not produced which is a structural component within muscle tissue - tissue now prone to damage and necrosis

M>F

Maternal Carrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Duchennes muscular dystrophy effects

A
  • muscle cells are replaced by fat and CT
  • progressive symmetrical wasting
  • in w/c by 10-12 years, die by age 20
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Duchennes muscular dystrophy Dx + classic signs

A

Genetic testing, physical exam, CK levels

Gowers Sign - pushing on thighs to stand up off floor
Calf Psuedohypertrophy - Well defined calves but by fat and CT not muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Duchennes muscular dystrophy S&S

A
  • proximal muscle weakness
  • waddling gait
  • toe walking
  • lordosis
  • difficulty standing up and climbing stairs, frequent falls
  • lower IQ
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Duchennes muscular dystrophy Rx

A
  • exercise by maintain strength and balance (avoid eccentric)
  • respiratory therapy
  • prevention of contractures, seating, equipment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

6 other types of muscular dystrophies

A 
Beckers 
Congenital 
Facioscapulohumeral MD 
Myotonic MD 
Emery-Dreifus 
Spinal muscle atrophy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is beckers muscular dystrophy

A

A slower and progressive form of DMD but not as severe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the most common type of muscular dystrophy after DMD

A

Myotonic MD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What occurs in SPinal muscle atrophy

Study These Flashcards
A

Skeletal muscles weaken when anterior horn degenerates

22
Q

Spinal muscle atrophy S&S

Study These Flashcards
A

hypotonia, decreased function, weakness (symmetrical, proximal > distal), fatigue

23
Q

What is another name for Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Study These Flashcards
A

Lou Gehrig’s disease

24
Q

What is Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Study These Flashcards
A

motor neuron disease w/ gradual deterioration of BOTH UMN and LMN
- can have both flaccid and spastic paresis

25
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis M or F more common
M
26
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Disease course
2-5 years after Dx - only 10% survive 10 years
27
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis S&S
o paresis in a single muscle group o corresponding muscle groups are asymmetrically affected (patchy distribution) o fasciculation’s (twitching) o Metabolic involvement of the skin (papery, fragile, cold) o gradual involvement of striated muscle (bulbar = major concern) o progress to permanent paralysis o Flaccidity + spasticity may co-exist o selective sparing (no ocular or cardiac, urethral & anal sphincter)
28
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Dx
Physical exam, medical history, muscle biopsy (not needed to confirm Dx)
29
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Rx
Meds, rehab for immobility, symptom relief (spasticity, secretions, psychological)
30
What is spared in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Ocular Cardiac Urethral + anal sphincter
31
What is an essential tremor evoked by? Cause?
- usually evoked by voluntary movement | causes: genetic, Increased thalamus activity
32
What is dystonia? What is it commonly linked to? Causes?
- involuntary, sustained muscle contractions, writhing - commonly linked to a single repetitive action (ie. musicians) - causes: genetic, originates from different parts of brain
33
What is Parkinsons Disease (PD)
Chronic neurodegenerative disease in basal ganglia
34
What is the pathology of PD
- Decreased dopamine produced by substantia nigra - dopamine normally inhibits ACh - without dopamine = excessive excitatory output
35
PD Possible causes
o viral (infection swelling of brain) o genetic o toxic (drugs) o injury or focal ischemia  can cause PD-like symptoms
36
PD S&S
Classic o bradykinesia: slowness of movement, can result in freezing o resting tremor o rigidity: velocity independent resistance to passive stretch o postural instability Other - loss of automatic movement (ie rolling over in bed) - micrographia - autonomic abnormalities - hypokinesia/akinesia - mask face - depression, dementia - postural hypotension - pain - sleep disturbance (restless leg) - fatigue - Dec. fine motor control
37
PD Rx
- drugs (L-dopa + anticholinergic) - patient will have movement tremor b/c of meds - education (protective effects of exercise) - functional mobility exercise - FOCUS ON BIG MOVEMENTS - cueing (tactile, verbal, music) - address postural changes and cardiorespiratory fitness - transfers, balance and falls prevention - prevention of secondary sequelae - environment safety and checks - care giver involvement and training - equipment
38
PD outcome measures
UPDRS | Hoens & Yar
39
What is Huntingtons Chorea? Key features?
Hereditary disorder - atrophy of basal ganglia structures, personality disorder, dementia Abnormal movements (they cant stop moving)
40
Huntingtons Rx
symptom management, antipsychotic drugs, safety, nutrition
41
What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
inflammatory disease : fatty myelin sheaths around brain + spinal cord axons are damaged A demyelinating disorder
42
MS leads to ___ and ____
Demyelination and scarring
43
MS etiology?
Unknown
44
MS typical onset? F or M?
20-40y F>M
45
4 types of MS
Relapsing remitting Primary progressive Secondary progressive Progressive relapsing
46
Key features of relapsing remitting MS
- new/old symptoms resurface or worsen - full or partial recovery between relapses - each flare up may cause more loss of function
47
Key features of primary progressive
- gradual worsening of symptoms overtime | - may stabilize but no remission
48
key features of secondary progressive
- Begins as relapsing remitting - gets to point where there is no remitting just steady worsening - does not re-myelinate
49
Key features of progressive relapsing
Some degree of recovery between flares | More gradual slope than relapsing remitting
50
Early symptoms of MS
``` o muscle weakness o optic neuritis, diplopia o sensory changes (paresthesia) o b/b incontinence o vertigo o fatigue o impaired cognition/memory o pain o depression ```
51
MS Rx
Pharmaceuticals: - anti-inflammatories + immunosuppressant’s - side effects: heat intolerance, photosensitivity PT Treatment for: - vestibular dysfunction - exercise (posture, core, stretches, proprioception, pool therapy, interval training?) - osteoporosis (?)
52
Contraindications/precautions to exercise with MS
- Heat - Fatigue - pregnancy

PCE - Neurology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions