Tutorial Notes

Question 1

what is the meeting point for the straight sinus and transverse sinus

Answer 1

confluence of sinuses

Question 2

What does the inferior sagittal sinus drain into

Answer 2

straight sinus

Question 3

what cells produce CSF

Answer 3

ependymal cells in the choroid plexus

Question 4

what developmental structure did ventricles come from

Answer 4

neural tube

Question 5

What brain areas does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

Answer 5

frontal and some of partietal lobe

Question 6

what brain areas does the middle cerebral artery supply

Answer 6

a portion of the frontal lobe, temporal and parietal lobe

Question 7

What does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

Answer 7

occipital lobe, and some of the temporal lobe

Question 8

what is the primary olfactory cortex

Answer 8

anterior perforated substance, piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, uncus

Question 9

where does the primary olfactory cortex project to

Answer 9

amygdala, thalamus and hypothalamus.

Question 10

describe the olfactory pathway

Answer 10

bipolar receptors –> olfactor tract:

MEDIAL OLFACTORY STRIA:
–> anterior olfactory nucleus –> septal nuclei or olfactory cortex (either side) or anterior commisure –> other olfactory bulb

LATERAL OLFACTORY STRIA

• -> olfactory tubercle –> MDT —> OFC + insula
• -> olfactory cortex

Question 11

Describe the 3 gustatory pathways

Answer 11

1. CN –> NTS –> parabrachial region –> VPM thalamus –> insula
2. CN –> NTS –> reticular formation
3. CN –> NTS –> parabrachial region —> hypotlamaus OR amygdala –> thalamus

Question 12

What are the 3 CN’s that carry gustatory information

Answer 12

Vagus, glossophrangeal, facial

Question 13

Describe the pathway for audition

Answer 13

cochlear –> cochlear nuclei:
–> trapezoid body –> contralateral olive
OR
–> ipsilateral olive –> lateral lemniscus –> IC –> brachiam of the interior colliculus –> MGN —> primary auditory cortex.

Question 14

What are the areas of the primary and secondary auditory cortex

Answer 14

primary = transverse gyrus of heschel, secondary = planum temporale

Question 15

Describe the conscious visual pathway

Answer 15

retina –> LGN –> optic radiations –> V1

Question 16

where is V1

Answer 16

banks of calcarine sulcus - band of genari

Question 17

what are the 4 targets from the retina involved in unconscious vision

Answer 17

1. SC
2. suprachiasmic nucleus
3. pulvinar
4. pretecteal nculeus

Question 18

what does the posterior spinocerebellar tract carry

Answer 18

proprioceptive information from T1-L2 from Clarke’s nucleus

Question 19

what is the function of the abducens nucleus

Answer 19

contains cell bodies of contralateral rectus and extraocular muscles

Question 20

what is the function of the nucleus ambigous

Answer 20

contains cell bodies that innervate the muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, larynx and heart.

Question 21

what is the function of the mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal

Answer 21

proprioceptive information from the head

Question 22

what are the internal arcuate fibers

Answer 22

they are fibres crossing from the cuneate and gracile fasciculus to the contralateral medial lemniscus.

Question 23

what information does the rubrospinal tract contain

Answer 23

voluntary movement of the upper limb in primates and cats. but function in humans has been replaced by CST.

Question 24

what information does the reticulospinal tracts contain

Answer 24

subconscious motor

Question 25

what information does the tectospinal tract contain

Answer 25

reflexive responding to novel stimuli, maintaining activity in antigravity muscles.

Question 26

what does the cauda equina contain

Answer 26

axons of lower motor neuron which contain proprioceptive information.

Question 27

describe the path of the CST

Answer 27

M1+S1 --> corona radiata --> posterior limb of internal capsuale --> cerebral peduncle --> ventral pons --> myramid of medulla: --> 85% deccusate (Lateral CST) --> ventral horn of SC OR --> 15% dont deccusate (Anterior CST) --> SC where they deccusate ate correspnding level --> VH

Question 28

What is the relationship fo the sensory decussation to the motor decussation

Answer 28

the sensory deccuation is above the motor decussation

Question 29

If lower or upper motor neurons were to lesion, what kind of paralysis would you get for each and why

Answer 29

``` lower = flaccid paralysis = no input to msucle upper = spastic paralysis - since upper motor neuron has inhibitory function on lower motor neuron, therefore without the inhibition you get random firing. ```

Question 30

function of stria medullaris thalami

Answer 30

carries fibres from the septal nuclei and preoptic area to the habenula

Question 31

function of pineal gland

Answer 31

endocrine gland which secretes a hormone melatonin - synchronisation of circadian rhythms

Question 32

function of suprachiasmic nucleus

Answer 32

biological clock

Question 33

the striatum is made up of the __ & ___

Answer 33

caudate and putamen

Question 34

the lentiform nucleus is made up fo the ___ & ____

Answer 34

putamen and globus pallidus

Question 35

the band of white matter separating the GP and the putamen is the

Answer 35

lateral medullary lamina

Question 36

what is the medial medullary lamina

Answer 36

separates GPi and GPe

Question 37

what is the internal medullary lamina

Answer 37

Y-shaped strip of white matter

Question 38

what is the name of the 1st and 10th folia on the cerebellum

Answer 38

lingula and nodulus

Question 39

what structures does the dorsolateral fissure of the cerebellum separate?

Answer 39

posterior lobe from the flocularnodular lobe

Question 40

what is the vermis + paravemral region called collectively and what is it involved in?

Answer 40

spinocerebellum - controlling gait and posutre

Question 41

what is the flocculus and nodulus called collectively and what is it involved in?

Answer 41

vestibulocerebellum - balance

Question 42

where fo SNPC neurons project to and what do they do

Answer 42

caudate nucleus and putamen --> modulation of basal ganglia

Question 43

What are the special cells in the lamina terminals called and what is their function?

Answer 43

lamina terminalis contains specialized neurons which lack a BBB. These are OVLT neurons, which samples the hypotonicity fo the blood, which is indicative of dehydration. The OVLT neuron then activate the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus and motivates us to seek water.

Question 44

what is the preoptic area involved in?

Answer 44

temperature regulation and sexual behavior

Question 45

What is the role of the arcuate nucleus

Answer 45

lacks BBB - detects falling levels of blood insulin. activates LHN and activates cortex to initiate search for food.

Question 46

how is the amygdala connected to the hypothalamus

Answer 46

via stria terminals

Question 47

where do amygdala projections terminate in the thalamus

Answer 47

MD

Question 48

what is the role of the PAG in threat

Answer 48

generates passive and active emtional repsones depending on the nature of the threat

Question 49

role of tectum

Answer 49

contains I and S colliculus--> involved in reflexive response to novel auditory and visual stimuli respectively

Question 50

what are the efferents of the amydgala?

Answer 50

- hypothalamus - S1 - PAG - orbitofrontal + cingulate cortex - thalamus (DM) - visual cortices - association areas

Question 51

what are the afferents of the amydgala ?

Answer 51

- hypothalamus - PAG - orbitofrontal + cingulate cortex - thalamus - parabrachial nuclsy - NTS - olfactory bulb

Question 52

role of ocular motor nerve

Answer 52

innervates medial, inferior, superior recti, inferior oblique. also contain parasympathetic fibers from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus which controls pupillary reflex

Question 53

function of trigeminal nerve

Answer 53

carries somatosensory afferents from the head to face, also carries efferent to muscles of mastication

Question 54

what is the narrow band of cortex called connecting the parahippocampal gyrus with the cingulate gyrus

Answer 54

isthmus

Question 55

Describe papez's circuit

Answer 55

--> hippocampus --> via fornix --> mamillary bodies --> anterior nucleus of th ehypothalamus --> via internal capcusle --> cingulae cortex --> gingulum --> entorhinal cortex --> subuiculujm --> hippocampus

Question 56

describe the hippocampus to fornix transition

Answer 56

alveus --> fibria --> Crus --> body -> colums

Question 57

Major functions of vagus nerve

Answer 57

- parasympathetic innocation thoracic or abdominal viscera visceral sensation fibre from thoracic and abdormal viscra and some state fibres from epiglotis innovate brachial arch msucle of larnx and pharynx

Question 58

major function of the nucleus ambiguous

Answer 58

innovates soft palate, pharynx and larynx

Question 59

brain regions supplied by the anterior artery (more specific)

Answer 59

- gyrus rectus - medial surface of frontal and parietal lobes - narrow band of cortex along their superior surfaces

Question 60

function of SC

Answer 60

- saccades, head and eye orientation, reflex towards novel stimuli

Question 61

what fibers does the middle cerebellar peduncle contain

Answer 61

contralateral fibres from the pontine nuclei to the lateral cerebellar hemisphere.

Question 62

what does the lateral horn contain?

Answer 62

preganglionic neuron of the SNS

Question 63

what fibers resign in the anterior CST

Answer 63

descending pathway that controls voluntary movement of proximal muscles of the trunk and shoulder

Question 64

what are the major projection targets of the GPi

Answer 64

VA and VL thalamus