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Stage 3 Case 4 > Type 1 Diabetes > Flashcards

Type 1 Diabetes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Autoimmune disease. There is a loss of self-tolerance which means T-cell target the beta cell antigens.

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2
Q

What are the genes that cause the inappropriate immune response?

A

HLA DR3 and HLA DR4

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3
Q

What normally happens in the pancreatic beta cell?

A
  1. Glucose enter via glucose transporter
  2. Glucose undergoes anaerobic and aerobic metabolism to produce ATP.
  3. ATP bind to potassium sensitive channels, causing them to close.
  4. Potassioum builds up in beta cells, making it positively changed, activating voltage gated calcium channels.
  5. Calcium enters and stimulates vesicle that contain insulin.
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4
Q

What does GAD enzyme do in the pancreatic beat cells?

A

Converts glutamic acid into GABA. GABA is associated with insulin production and protective effects of beta cells.

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5
Q

3 parts that antibodies attack in pancreatic beta cells

A
  1. Specific self-antigens on pancreatic islet cells.
  2. GAD enzyme
  3. Insulin
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6
Q

What are the high yield antibodies that attack the islet cells antigens?

A

Anti-islet cell antibodies

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7
Q

What are the high yield antibodies that attack the GAD enzyme?

A

Anti-GAD antibodies

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8
Q

What are the antibodies that attack the insulin?

A

Anti-insulin antibodies

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9
Q

What do the antibodies do to pancreatic beta cell?

A
  1. Attack the 3 parts of the beat cells
  2. Destrpy beta cells. (less beta cells)
  3. Reduces insulin production
  4. Incerease blood glucose
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10
Q

What does insulin do to glucose normally?

A
  1. Insluin binds to insulin receptors
  2. Increaes expression of glucose transporters
  3. Glucose enters cell reducing blood glucose levels.
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11
Q

Thirst

A
  1. Blood volume drops as increased water and glucose lost in urine
  2. Gluose high and water low in the blood
  3. This stimulates osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
  4. This triggers increased thirst
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12
Q

What is high glucose and low water in the blood?

A

Hyperosmolar blood

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13
Q

What is increased thirst?

A

Polydipsia

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14
Q

What causes increased glucose in the urine?

A
  1. Alot of glucose filtered into kidneys via the glomerulus filtrate
  2. Too much glucose to be able to be reabsorbed via the kidney tubules
  3. More glucose in the urine
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15
Q

What does more glucose in the urine do?

A
  1. Glucose osmotically active
  2. Pull water with it
  3. So lose more water via urine
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16
Q

Why does diabetes cause increased urine (Going to the Toilet more often)?

A
  1. Too much glucose to be able to be reabsorbed via the kidney tubule so more glucose in the urine
  2. Glucose osmotically active, pulls water with it
  3. So lose more water via urine
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17
Q

What is increased glucose in the urine?

A

Glycosuria

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18
Q

What is increased urine?

A

Polyurea

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19
Q

Thinner

A
  1. Decaraed glucose in cells = decreased ATP
  2. Uses fat and muscles for fuel, lipolysis and proteolysis
  3. The breakdown of fat and protein causes unexplained weight loss.
  4. This can also increase hunger.
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20
Q

4 Ts of type 1 diabetes

A

Toilet, Thirsty, Tired and Thinner

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21
Q

What does decreased glucose in cells do to ATP?

A

Decreased ATP

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22
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

Breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol. This can be used to make ATP.

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23
Q

What is proteolysis?

A

Breakdown of protein in muscles to amino acids. This is used to make ATP.

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24
Q

What is polyphagia?

A

Increased hunger

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25
Fasting glucose for diagnosis?
>126mg/dl
26
Random glucose for diagnosis?
>200 mg/dl
27
2 hour oral GGT for diagnosis?
>200 mg/dl on 2 tests
28
HbA1c for diagnosis?
>6.5%
29
What is a 2 hour glucose tolerance test?
Glucose given, and gluose remains high.
30
What is HbA1c?
Gluose in the blood likes to conjugate to the Hb, this makes a glycated Hb (Hgb). So it is a measurement of Hgb.
31
Over what time does the HbA1c help monitor blood glucose?
3 months as that is the life span of RBC.
32
Treatment for Type 1 diabetes?
Insulin to reduce blood glucose.
33
DKA
Ketone bodies increase acid in the blood
34
DKA symptoms
- Heavy breathing - Hyperkalemia - Sweet smell from breath
35
Why does DKA cause heavy breathing?
Body wants to reduce CO2 to reduce acidity.
36
DKA treatment
Fluids for dehydration Insulin to lower blood glucose Electrolytes (K+)
37
Types of insulin (8)
- Ultra Rapid Acting - Rapid acting. - Short acting. - Intermediate acting. - Long acting. - Ultra long acting - Human mixed insulins. - Analogue mixed insulins.
38
Ultra Rapid Acting: When to take
Just before, with or up 20 mins after food
39
Rapid acting: When to take
Just before, with or just after food
40
Short acting: When to take
30 mins before food
41
Intermediate acting: When to take
30 mins before food or bedtime
42
Long acting: When to take
Once or twice a day
43
Ultra long acting: When to take
Once a day
44
Human mixed insulins: When to take
30 mins before meal
45
Analogue mixed insulins: When to take
Just before, with or just after food
46
Ultra Rapid Acting: Onset, Peak, duration
Onset: 2-3 mins Peak: 30-90 mins Duration: 5 hours
47
Rapid acting: Onset, Peak, duration
Onset: 10-20 mins Peak: 1-3 hours Duration: 2-5 hours
48
Short acting: Onset, Peak, duration
Onset: 30-60 mins Peak: 1-5 hours Duration: 5-9 hours
49
Intermediate acting: Onset, Peak, duration
Onset: 60-90 mins Peak: 2-12 hours Duration: 12-24 hours
50
Long acting: Onset, Peak, duration
Onset: 2-4 hours Peak: No peak 6-14 hours Duration: 20-24 hours (16-20 hours Levemir)
51
Ultra long acting toujeo: Onset, Peak, duration
Onset: 6 hours Peak: no peak Duration: 36 hours
52
Ultra long acting tresbia: Onset, Peak, duration
Onset: 30-90 mins Peak: no peak Duration: over 42 hours
53
Human mixed insulins: Onset, Peak, duration
Onset: 30 mins Peak: 1- 4 hours Duration: 12-24 hours
54
Analogue mixed insulins: Onset, Peak, duration
Onset: 10-20 mins Peak: 1-4 hours Duration: 24 hours
55
Dose Depends on
- Age - Exercise - Physical activity - Stress - Hormonal changes
56
Ultra Rapid Acting: When to use
Forgetful or regular does not eat whole meal. | It can be taken after so can be tailored to what they have consumed, or if they have forgotten to take before.
57
Rapid acting: When to use
Forgetful or regular does not eat whole meal. | It can be taken after so can be tailored to what they have consumed, or if they have forgotten to take before.
58
Short acting: When to use?
Usually avoided as they need to be taken 30 mins before. So people may forget/get distracted and go into hypo.
59
Human mixed insulins and Analogue mixed insulins: When to use
Not really for type one, as you need variability. For people who do not have much variability.
60
Ultra Rapid Acting: Basal or bolus
Bolus
61
Rapid acting: Basal or bolus
Bolus
62
Short acting: Basal or bolus
Bolus
63
Intermediate acting: Basal or bolus
Basal
64
Long acting: Basal or bolus
Basal
65
Ultra long acting: Basal or bolus
Basal
66
Human mixed insulins
Intermediate acting and short acting
67
Analogue mixed insulins
Rapid acting and intermediate acting
68
Basal vs bolus
Background insulin vs meal time insulin
69
Dose considerations: Age
Older people usually require lower dose Older more likely go into hypo overnight Hypo more likely causes arrythmias in older people
70
Pathogenesis of type 1
Beta cell of pancreas destroyed by cytotoxic CD8-T cells reactive against peptides of insulin and of other specific proteins which are complexed with MHC molecules and recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CLT)
71
What are the effects of the lack of insulin in type 1 diabetes? (4)
- Tissues cannot accumulate and store glucose - Tissues cannot use glucose as metabolic fuel - Body cannot store excess energy as fat - Reduced synthesis of protein
72
Dehydration, excessive urine production and thirst mechanism (6)
1. High [Glucose] enters glomerular filtrate and overwhelms glucose absorbing capacity of proximal convoluted tubule 2. Increased fluid osmolarity in tubules 3. More water is secreted from cells into the proximal convoluted tubule 4. causes increased urine flow –diuresis 5. Water reabsorption is reduced 6. Dehydration, excessive urine production and thirst
73
What happens when the same injecting is overused?
Cells close to site of insulin injection exposed to high [insulin] If same site used again and again will promote deposition of fat around injection site (lipohypertrophy)
74
Why is changing injection site clinically important
As leads to unpredictable rate of insulin absorption. This could lead to poor glycaemic control and patients could experience hyper/hypoglycaemic events.
75
First choice treatment for type 1
- Multiple daily injection basal-bolus insulin regimens - One or more separate daily injections of intermediate/long acting insulin analogue - Multiple injections of short acting forms before meals
76
Alternative treatments for type 1 (3)
- 1-2-3 injections per day of a short acting form mixed with intermediate acting form - Insulin pump (A regular amount of rapid insulin delivered via a programmable pump via a subcutaneous cannula). Only used for patients suffering from severe hypoglycemia and/or high Glycosylated haemoglobin (69mmol and above)
77
Teplizumab
Monoclonal antibody that targets the compotnet of the

Stage 3 Case 4 (11 decks)

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