Type 2 Diabetes Flashcards
(15 cards)
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Type 1
No insulin production by the pancreas (destruction of beta cells)
Can develop in childhood
Less common, accounting for about 5-10% of all diabetes cases
Type 2
Insulin resistance
Decreased insulin production
The pancreas still produces insulin, but the body cannot use it effectively
Can be related to obesity
What are the risk factors for T2DM?
Obesity
Glucose intolerance
Age: Risk increases with age, especially after 45.
Family History: A family history of diabetes can elevate your risk.
Physical Inactivity: A sedentary lifestyle contributes to weight gain and insulin resistance.
Certain Infections
Pancreatitis/cancer
Gestational Diabtetes
What are the signs and symptoms for T2DM?
Hyperglycemia – high blood sugar levels
Glycosuria- excess glucose in urine
Polydipsia: Excessive thirst and increased fluid intake.
Polyuria: Increased frequency of urination, particularly nocturia (nighttime urination).
Ketoacidosis - body produces excess blood acids (ketones)
Polyphagia: Excessive hunger or increased appetite.
Fatigue: Persistent lethargy or decreased energy levels.
Visual Disturbances: Blurred vision or changes in visual acuity.
Delayed Wound Healing: Prolonged healing of cuts and abrasions.
Recurrent Infections: Increased incidence of infections, such as bacterial skin infections or urinary tract infections.
Weight loss
What are the two key component of the pathophysiology of T2DM?
HYPERGLYCEMIA caused by:
*INSULIN RESISTANCE - Cells in the body (muscle, fat, and liver) become less responsive to insulin.
*BETA-CELL DYSFUNCTION - Progressive failure of pancreatic beta cells to produce adequate insulin.
What is the results of Hyperglycemia?
Too much glucose in blood = effects kidneys and fluid balance & glycosylation which deposits glucose on blood vessels & neurons
Not enough glucose in cells = alterations to metabolism
What is glycosylation?
Glycosylation is the addition of glucose molecules getting deposited on blood vessels and neurons
Damages tissue over time - affects neurons by disrupting signal transmission, promoting inflammation, and increasing oxidative stress.
What is a retinopathy complication that Ben had?
Macular Oedema
damaged retinal vessels, leak, swell, cause blurred vision and can lead to blindness
What neuropathies are complications of T2DM? Effects on Ben?
- Autonomic neuropathy - disruption of neuronal signal on PNS/SNS
*Effects on Ben were:
Gastroperisis: delayed gastric emptying
Erectile dysfunction
Orthostatic hypotension - Peripheral neuropathy - disruption of neuronal signal on somatosensory & motor neurons (ie sensory loss, tissue damage)
*Effects on Ben were:
Poor wound healing
Feets issues
Sensory loss
What is involved in glycemic control?
Glycemic control refers to the management of blood glucose (sugar) levels within a target range, particularly in individuals with diabetes
BGL - in normal range - 3.0-8.0 mmol/L (fasting 3.0-5.0 mmol/L)
HbA1c - glycosylated Hb -
Normal: Below 40 mmol/mol (less than 5.8%)
Prediabetes: 40 to 49 mmol/mol (5.8% to 6.6%)
Diabetes: 50 mmol/mol and above (6.7% and higher)
What are Sulphonylureas?
Examples: Glipizide, Glyburide, Glimepiride.
Mechanism: Stimulate the pancreas to release more insulin. They increase insulin secretion regardless of blood glucose levels.
Considerations: Risk of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and weight gain.
What are Biguanides?
Example: Metformin.
Mechanism: Decreases glucose production in the liver and increases insulin sensitivity in muscle and fat tissues.
Considerations: gastrointestinal issues (nausea, diarrhea), lactic acidosis
Outline the role of insulin as a medication
Animal or human synthetic
*Regulates Blood Glucose Levels: Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells, particularly in muscle and adipose (fat) tissue, helping to lower blood sugar levels.
*It reduces glucose production in the liver, further contributing to lower blood glucose levels.
Explain the different types of insulin available
Short-Acting Insulin: (e.g., Humalin S, Humalog) has an onset 30-60mins and is also used around mealtimes. Admin subcut or IV
Long-Acting Insulin: (e.g., Isophane, Human Insultard) provides a steady level of insulin over 24 hours, used for baseline insulin needs. Admin subcut
What are the risks involved with using insulin?
Hypoclycemia
What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Lack of insulin which is required to help glucose enter cells
No glucose avail then body breaks down fat stores, producing fatty acids which are converted to ketones
Accumulation of ketones in blood leds to metabolic acidosis (increased acid in blood) and increased glucose in the blood as can’t enter cells.
