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Neuropharmacology > Types of Drugs > Flashcards

Types of Drugs Flashcards

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1
Q

Local Anesthetics

Prototype

A

Procaine

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2
Q

Local Anesthetics

Mechanism of Action

A
  1. Inhibits sodium channels

2. Channel is open less often

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3
Q

Local Anesthetics

Clinical Uses

A
  1. Local anesthesia

2. Antiarrhythmic

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4
Q

Local Anesthetics

Adverse Effects & Toxicity

A
  1. Lower doses = CNS excitement = seizures
  2. Very high doses = CNS depression
    a. Respiratory collapse
    b. Cardiovascular depression
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5
Q

Local Anesthetics

Contraindications

A
  1. Do NOT use benzocaine or tetracaine in cats
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6
Q

Local Anesthetics

Chemistry

A
  1. Weak bases
  2. Two categories
    a. Esters
    b. Amides
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7
Q

Local Anesthetics

Metabolism

A
  1. Esters = plasma = shorter duration

2. Amides = hepatic = longer duration

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8
Q

Major Tranquilizers

Prototype

A

Acetylpromazine

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9
Q

Major Tranquilizers

Chemistry

A

Two categories

  1. Phenothiazines = Acetylpromazine
  2. Butyrophenone = Droperidol
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10
Q

Major Tranquilizers

Mechanism of Action

A

Antagonist Actions

  1. D, NE & S = monoamines
  2. Muscarinic cholinergic Ach receptors
  3. Alpha-adrenergic receptors = sympathetic NS
  4. Histamine receptors
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11
Q

Major Tranquilizers

Clinical Uses

A
  1. Sedation
  2. Muscle relaxation = less than barbiturates
  3. Hypnosis = catalepsy
  4. Anticholinergic activity = less atropine needed
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12
Q

Major Tranquilizers

Metabolism

A
  1. Highly protein bound

2. Hepatic metabolism

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13
Q

Major Tranquilizers

Adverse Effects & Toxicity

A
  1. Hypotension = use norepinephrine!
  2. Catalepsy
  3. Seizures = accidental IV injection
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14
Q

Major Tranquilizers

Contraindications

A
  1. Patients with epilepsy

2. Strychnine poisoning

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15
Q

Minor Tranquilizers

Prototype

A

Diazepam

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16
Q

Minor Tranquilizers

Chemistry

A

Four groupings

  1. Benzodiazepines = diazepam
  2. Chloral hydrate
  3. Alipathic alcohols
  4. Barbiturates
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17
Q

Minor Tranquilizers

Mechanism of Action

A

A. Interacts with GABA(A) receptor
B. Enhances GABA inhibition
C. Chloride channels = increases opening frequency

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18
Q

Minor Tranquilizers

Clinical Uses

A
  1. Restraint & calming
  2. Anticonvulsant = more than MTs
  3. Pre-anesthetic drug
    a. More skeletal muscle relaxation than MTs
    b. Blocks excitatory effects
  4. Does NOT induce anesthesia
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19
Q

Minor Tranquilizers

Metabolism

A

Metabolites are active!

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20
Q

Minor Tranquilizers

Adverse Effects & Toxicity

A
  1. Ataxia
  2. Excitation in cats
  3. Apnea when given IV
  4. Respiratory depression = more than MTs
  5. Risk for withdrawal = opposite of MTs
  6. Hypothermia
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21
Q

Minor Tranquilizers

Contraindications

A

None discussed

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22
Q

Alcohols

Prototype

A

Ethanol

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23
Q

Alcohols

Chemistry

A

Tertiary alcohols produce the most sedation

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24
Q

Alcohols

Mechanism of Action

A

Ethanol
Potentiates GABA receptor activity
Similar to inhalant anesthetics

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25
Alcohols | Clinical Uses
1. Sedative 2. Block methanol & ethylene glycol toxicity 3. Permanent nerve block
26
Alcohols | Metabolism
1. Rapid absorption | 2. Zero-order kinetics = loading dose needed
27
Alcohols | Adverse Effects & Toxicity
1. Acidosis = acidic metabolites 2. Hypothermia 3. CNS & respiratory depression
28
Alcohols | Contraindications
None discussed
29
Stimulants | Prototype
Variety of compounds
30
Stimulants | Chemistry
1. Methylxanthines = theobromine 2. Doxapram 3. Cocaine 4. Strychnine
31
Stimulants | Mechanism of Action
Various 1. Theophylline & theobromine = inc cortex activity 2. Doxopram = inc. medulla activity 3. Strychnine = inhibits Renshaw cells 4. Cocaine = inhibits reuptake of monoamines
32
Stimulants | Clinical Uses
1. Toxicity | 2. Stimulate respiration = doxopram
33
Anticonvulsants | Prototype
``` Acute = diazepam Prevention = phenobarbital ```
34
Anticonvulsants | Mechanism of Action
Two actions 1. Block sodium channels 2. Increase GABA activity = inhibitory activity
35
Anticonvulsants | Clinical Uses
Um... to stop seizures
36
Anticonvulsants | Metabolism
Not discussed
37
Anticonvulsants | Adverse Effects & Toxicity
1. Cessation of drug therapy may be lethal to the patient!
38
Anticonvulsants | Contraindications
Not all anticonvulsants are good in all situations
39
Barbiturates | Prototype
1. Phenobarbital 2. Pentobarbital 3. Thiopental
40
Barbiturates | Chemistry
1. Weak acids
41
Barbiturates | Mechanism of Action
Three fold mechanism: 1. Enhance GABAergic activity 2. Inhibit NT release 3. Inhibit calcium uptake
42
Barbiturates | Clinical Uses
Injectable anesthesia! | NO no no analgesia!
43
Barbiturates | Metabolism
1. Lipid solubility determines duration of action 2. High protein binding 3. Redistribution is important
44
Barbiturates | Adverse Effects & Toxicity
1. Inc GI motility 2. Dec uterine contractions 3. Inc secretions 4. Laryngeal spasms 5. Cardiac depression = dec. BP and CO 6. Inhibits respiratory drives a. Chemogenic drive = CO2 b. Hypoxic drive = O2 7. Tissue irritation = IV ok
45
Barbiturates | Contraindications
1. High plasma protein binding | = can displace other drugs
46
Dissociatives | Prototype
Ketamine
47
Dissociatives | Chemistry
Very lipid soluble
48
Dissociatives | Mechanism of Action
1. Inhibition of the NMDA receptors | 2. Binds sigma-type opioid receptors
49
Dissociatives | Clinical Uses
1. Sedative a. Can be used alone in cats b. Dogs & horses require a pre-medicatio sn 2. Anesthesia = but maintain muscle tone 3. Catalepsy = dissociation from enviroment
50
Dissociatives | Metabolism
Hepatic
51
Dissociatives | Adverse Effects & Toxicity
``` 1. Do NOT use in trauma situations = increase in intracranial pressure = Increase in BP = bleeding risk 2. 50% of dogs will have seizures w/o pre-med 3. Risk for emesis during emergence ```
52
Dissociatives | Contraindications
1. Epilepsy | 2. Head trauma or any trauma
53
Inhalant Anesthetics | Prototype
Methoxyflurane
54
Inhalant Anesthetics | Chemistry
A. Dose = partial pressure or volume precent B. Lower MAC value = MORE potent C. More lipid soluble = more potent
55
Inhalant Anesthetics | Mechanism of Action
Affects the function of 3 channels: 1. GABA channels 2. Glycine ion channels 3. Inhibition of nicotinic cholinergic receptors
56
Inhalant Anesthetics | Clinical Uses
1. CNS depression | 2. Surgical anesthesia
57
Inhalant Anesthetics | Metabolism
1. Tissue uptake a. Highest blood flow = brain, GI, liver, kidneys b. Greatest mass = skin, muscle c. Body fat = high solubility but low blood flow 2. Metabolism a. Risk in fluorinated anesthetics b. More metabolism = more toxicity c. May not be much metabolism 3. Elimination a. Lungs b. Skin & mucus membranes c. Urine & milk
58
Inhalant Anesthetics | Adverse Effects & Toxicity
1. CNS depression 2. Increase in intracranial pressure 3. Respiratory depression = acidosis a. Blunts response to CO2 4. Relaxation of cardiac & vascular muscle a. Decreased CO & BP 5. Changes in blood flow a. Increased cerebral b. Decreased renal & hepatic
59
Opioid Analgesics | Prototype
Morphine
60
Opioid Analgesics | Chemistry
1. Types a. Agonist b. Partial agonist c. Competitive antagonist 2. Isomers a. L-isomer = best anaLgesic b. D-isomer = best antitussive
61
Opioid Analgesics | Mechanism of Action
1. Opens potassium channels = hyperpolarization 2. Closes calcium channels = less NT release 3. Decreases cAMP = inhibitory
62
Opioid Analgesics | Clinical Uses
1. Analgesia 2. Antidiarrheal 3. Antitussive = NOT through opioid receptors 4. Sedation = dogs, rats, rabbits, primates
63
Opioid Analgesics | Metabolism
Bioavailability 1. Codeine = 60% a. Codeine can be metabolized to morphine! 2. Morphine = 25%
64
Opioid Analgesics | Adverse Effects & Toxicity
1. Respiratory depression = Delta & Mu only 2. Emesis 3. Constipation 4. Histamine release = esp. dogs 5. Little to no cardiovascular effects!!!
65
Opioid Analgesics | Contraindications
Immune compromised animals

Neuropharmacology (2 decks)

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