Types of equivalence

Question 1

Denotative

Answer 1

refers to the case where the ST and the TT have the same denotations
= they convey the same extra linguistic facts

Question 2

Connotative

Answer 2

• related to lexical choices, especially between near-synonyms
• stylistic equivalence

Question 3

Text-normative

Answer 3

related to text types, with different kinds of texts behaving in different ways (Reiss’s work)

Question 4

Pragmatic

Answer 4

• ‘communicative equivalence’,
• oriented towards the receiver of the text or message (who would receive the same effect that the original text would produce on its readers).
  = Nida’s ‘dynamic equivalence’

Question 5

Formal

Answer 5

• related to the form and aesthetics of the text, includes word plays and the individual stylistic features of the ST
• expressive equivalence

Question 6

Nida’s formal equivalence

Answer 6

• connected to foreignization
• oriented towards the ST structure
• strong influence in determining accuracy and correctness

Question 7

Nida’s dynamic equivalence

Answer 7

• Principle of equivalence effect
• Message tailored to the receptor’s linguistic needs and cultural expectations
• Aims at a complete naturalness of expression.