Types of Experiments

Question 1

Advantages and Disadvantage in a Labatory Experiment

Answer 1

Adv:
- High degree of control
- east to replicate

Dis:
- Artificial setting (low level of ecological validity)
- High demand Characteristics

Question 2

What is meant by demand characteristics

Answer 2

Pots likely to know they are taking part in an experiment and may alter behaviour

Question 3

A Field Experiment is carried out in a

Answer 3

Natural Environment

Question 4

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Field Experiment?

Answer 4

Adv:
- High ecological validity (findings likely to represent what you’d find in real life setting)
- Ppts less likely to know they are taking part in study less demand characteristics

Dis:
- Lower degree of control over variables
- Hard to replicate

Question 5

Advantages and Disadvantages of a Natural Experiment

Answer 5

Adv
- More ecological validity
- Lower demand characteristics

Dis
- low degree of control
- hard to replicate

Question 6

Explain Quasi Experiments

Answer 6

Have an IV that is based on existing differences between people (gender,age)

Question 7

Advantages and Disadvantages of Quasi Experiments

Answer 7

Adv:
- More ecological validity (ppts in a natural environment)
- Much lower demand characteristics (natural setting)

Dis:
- Low degree of control
- Hard to replicate

Question 8

Define Reliability

Answer 8

The extent to which a method of measurement or test produces consistent findings

(how easily can another researcher replicate your research and produce similar results)

Question 9

Define Validity

Answer 9

The extent to which a test accurately measures what it claims to measure

Question 10

Define Internal Validity

Answer 10

Whether or not the research measure what it intends to measure

Question 11

What are the two types of Observations

Answer 11

Controlled and Naturalistic

Question 12

Advantage and Disadvantages of Naturalistic Observations

Answer 12

Adv:
- Higher ecological validity
- Fewer ethical issues

Dis :
- More extraneous variables
- Difficult to replicate

Question 13

Advantages and Disadvantages of controlled Observations

Answer 13

Adv :
Fewer Extraneous Variables
Easier to replicate

Dis :
- Lower Ecological Validity (situation may not be realistic)
- More ethical issues

Question 14

Define Overt Observations

Answer 14

Ppts are aware that they are being observed

Question 15

Define Covert Observations

Answer 15

Ppts not aware they are being observed

Question 16

Advantages and Disadvantages of Overt Observations

Answer 16

Adv:
- Fewer ethical issues

Dis:
- More investigator effects
- More demand characteristics

Question 17

Advantages and Disadvantage of Covert Observations

Answer 17

Adv:
- Fewer Investigator effects
- Fewer Demand Characteristics

Dis
- More ethical issues

Question 18

Define Participant Observations

Answer 18

Observer is part of a group being observed

Question 19

Define Non-participant observations

Answer 19

Observer is not part of the group being observed

Question 20

Advantages and Disadvantage of Participation observations

Answer 20

Adv:
- More insight (may find out more)
- Fewer ethical issues (ppts aware of being observed)

Dis :
- Less objective (observer become biased)

• Recording difficulties (due to being actively involved in the group)

Question 21

Advantages and Disadvantage of Non-participant observations

Answer 21

Adv:
- More objective (less inclined to favour the group)
- Easier to record data

Dis:
- Less insight (important info may be missed)
- More ethical issues (ppts may not be aware of observations)

Question 22

Strengths and Weaknesses of Focus Groups

Answer 22

Strength
- Able to explore people’s knowledge and experiences
- Natural/Comfortable environment
- Quick and Convenient way of collecting a lot of information from alot of people

Weaknesses
- no intimate data from ppts
- anonymity and confidentiality

Question 23

Explain Random Sampling

Answer 23

Every member of the target population an equal chance of being chosen

Question 24

Advantages and Disadvantages of Random Sampling

Answer 24

Adv:
Unbiased

Dis:
May not be representative

Question 25

Explain opportunity sampling

Answer 25

Ppts who are both accessible and willing to take part our targeted

Question 26

Advantages and Disadvantages of Opportunity Sampling

Answer 26

Advantages: The easiest method and takes less time Disadvantages: - Less representative (small section of the target population) - Investigator bias ( approaching ppts)

Question 27

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of Volunteer Sampling

Answer 27

Advantages: Easier method to use with less initial work Disadvantages: - Atypical Respondents

Question 28

Explain advantages and disadvantages of Stratified Sampling

Question 29

What is Stratified Sampling

Answer 29

All of the names of the people in the target population are needed (Electoral register)

Question 30

Advantages and Disadvantage of Stratified Sampling

Answer 30

Adv: This method produces a representative sample because it is designed to accurately reflect the composition of the population Dis: Very time consuming and difficult to do -

Question 31

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Snowball sampling

Answer 31

Advantages: It allows for studies to take place where otherwise it might be impossible to conduct because of lack of ppts Disadvantages: The obtained sample may be biased

Question 32

Advantages and Disadvantage of Systematic Sampling

Answer 32

Advantages: This is typically unbiased as ppts are selected using an objective system (every nth perosn) Disadvantages: Not truly random

Question 33

Explain Purposive sampling

Answer 33

non-probability sample that is selected based on the characteristics of a population and the objective of a study.

Question 34

Advantages and Disadvantages of Purposive Sampling

Answer 34

Advantages Easy way to choose a more representation sample Disadvantages Could be biased as it’s subjective

Question 35

What are the 6 main ethical issues

Answer 35

Informed Consent Deception Protection from Harm Right to withdraw Confidentiality Privacy

Question 36

Explain ethical issues : Informed Consent

Answer 36

- voluntary informed consent - must be informed about the purpose of the research, what will be required - full consent to take part in the study

Question 37

Explain ethical issue : Protection From Harm

Answer 37

- protected from both physical and psychological harm - ppts should be the same state. they were before

Question 38

Explain ethical issue: Confidentiality

Answer 38

- ppts right to have personal information protected

Question 39

Explain ethical issue: Privacy

Answer 39

- Do not except to be observed by others in certain situations

Question 40

Explain ethical issue : Right to withdraw

Answer 40

- free to withdraw at any time and have their data destroyed