types of immunity Flashcards by BABAS CHRISTINE MAY

ability to resist damage from foreign
substances.
it can protect against microbes, toxins, and cancer
cells.

IMMUNITY

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present at birth
• defense against any pathogen
• accomplished by physical barriers, chemical mediators,
cells, inflammatory response

INNATE IMMUNITY

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First line of defense
• Skin and mucous membranes act as barriers to pathogens
and toxins
• Tears, saliva, urine wash away pathogens and toxins

PHYSICAL BARRIERS

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chemicals that can kill microbes
and prevent their entry into cells

CHEMICAL MEDIATORS

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found in tears and saliva to kill bacteria

LYSOZYME

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prevent entry of microbes

MUCUOS MEMBRANES

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promote inflammation by causing vasodilation

HISTAMINE

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promote inflammation by causing vasodilation

HISTAMINE

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proteins that protect against viral infections by stimulating
surrounding cells to produce antiviral proteins

INTERFERONS

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produced in red bone marrow and lymphatic tissues
fight foreign substances

WBC

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ingest and destroy foreign substances
• Example—neutrophils and macrophages

PHAGOCYTIC CELLS

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first to respond to infection but die quickly

NEUTROPHILS

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produced in red bone marrow
• release chemicals to reduce inflammation

EOSINOPHILS

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• made in red bone marrow
• leave blood and enter infected tissues
• can release histamine

BASOPHILS

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• initially were monocytes
• leave blood and enter tissues
• can ingest more than neutrophils
• protect lymph in lymph nodes and blood in spleen and
liver
• given specific names for certain areas of body (Kupffer
cells in liver)

MACROPHAGES

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• made in red bone marrow
• found in skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract
• can release leukotrienes

MAST CELLS

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Natural Killer Cells:
• type of lymphocyte
• produce in red bone marrow
• recognize classes of cells such as tumor cells or virus
infected cells
• release chemicals which lyse cells

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

• involves chemicals and cells produced due to injury
• signaled by presence of foreign substance
• stimulates release of chemical mediators

INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

is defense that involves specific
recognition to a specific antigen.
This immunity:
• is acquired after birth
• reacts when innate defenses don’t work
• slower than innate immunity
• has memory
• uses lymphocytes (B and T cells)
• 2 types antibody-mediated and cell-mediated

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

substance that stimulates an immune response
• Example—bacteria, virus, pollen, food, drugs

ANTIGEN

• molecule produced by the person’s body that stimulates
an immune system response

SELF ANTIGEN

proteins the body produces in response to an antigen

ANTIBODY

• Live in red bone marrow
• give rise to all blood cells
• give rise to some pre-T cells and pre-B cells

STEM CELLS

• type of white blood cell
• involved in adaptive immunity
• develop from stem cells
• differentiate into specific lymphocytes such as B or T cells

LYMPHOCYTES

• type of lymphocytes • involved in antibody-mediated immunity • originate from stem cells • mature in red bone marrow • move to lymphatic tissue after mature • lead to production of antibodies

B CELLS

• type of lymphocyte • involved primarily in cell-mediated immunity but also participate in antibody-mediated immunity • mature in thymus gland • move to lymphatic tissue after mature • 4 types

T CELLS

• contain binding sites for antigens • specific for certain antigens • hold and present a processed antigen on the surface of the cell membrane • bind to antigen receptor on B or T cells and stimulate response

THE MHC MOLECULE

proteins secreted by a cell that regulates neighboring cells • Example—interleukin 1 released by macrophages stimulates helper T cells

CYTOKINES

effective against antigens in body fluids (blood and lymph) • effective against bacteria, viruses, toxins • uses B cells to produce antibodies

ANTIBODY MEDIATED IMMUNITY

• 80 to 85% in serum • activates compliment and increases phagocytosis • can cross the placenta and provide protection to the fetus • responsible for Rh reactions, such as hemolytic disease of the newborn

igG

5 to 10% in serum • activates compliment • acts as an antigen binding receptor on the surface of B cells • responsible for transfusion reactions in the ABO blood system • often the first antibody produced in response to an antigen

igM

• 15% in serum • secreted into saliva, into tears, and onto mucous membranes • protects body surfaces • found in colostrum and milk to provide immune protection to the newborn

igA

• 0.002% in serum • binds to mast cells and basophils and stimulates the inflammatory response

igE

• 0.2% in serum • functions as an antigen-binding receptor on B cells

igD

• produce antibodies • 3 to 14 days to produce enough antibody to be effective against antigen • meanwhile person develops disease symptoms

PLASMA CELLS

used against antigens in cells and tissues. • It is effective against intracellular bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. • It uses different types of T cells.

CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY

• activate macrophages • help form B cells • promote production of Tc

HELPER T CELLS

precursor to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)

CYTOTOXIC T CELLS

• natural exposure to antigens causes production of antibodies • can be lifelong immunity • Example—mononucleosis

ACTIVE (NATURALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY)

• injection of antigens using vaccines which cause the production of antibodies • immunization is a process of introducing killed, live, or inactivated pathogen

ACTIVE (ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY)

• injection of antibodies from another person or animal

PASSIVE (Artificially acquired immunity)