Types of IP + requirements

Question 1

what are the types of IP?

Answer 1

1. photographs
2. video identification
3. identification parade
4. group identification
5. confrontation

Question 2

what is meant by ‘…similar to S’?

Answer 2

inc. age, appearance, position in life

Question 3

explain photographs (4)

Answer 3

• Must take a description from W before they are shown images
• One W at a time sees at least 12 images of people similar to S must be used
• Must be told S may or may not be amongst images + say if they cannot make an identification
• Images must not be shown to other Ws once S has been ID’d

Question 4

explain the video images to be used in a video identification (4)

Answer 4

o One W at a time sees video images of S + 8 others similar to S (12 if 2 Ss)
o Unusual features can be concealed/replicated
o Videos should show S + others in same position/same movements
o Video can be taken covertly if S objects

Question 5

what input can S have in relation to the video identification / identification parade? Explain this.

Answer 5

S/solicitor/AA/friend is given the opportunity to see the images before

If they reasonably object to arrangement or image/participant (i.e. they don’t resemble S), the police shall take reasonable steps to remove the grounds for objection

S can select their position in the identification parade line up

Question 6

what must the police tell Ws when carrying out the video identification?

Answer 6

o They can freeze the video + can watch as many times as necessary
o They should not make a decision until watched all videos twice

Question 7

can S be present for the video identification?

Answer 7

no, but their solicitor can to check compliance with Code D

Question 8

explain the participants selected for the identification parade (2)

Answer 8

o One W at a time sees line up of S + 8 others similar to S (12 if 2 Ss)
o Unusual features can be concealed/replicated

Question 9

what must the police tell Ws at an identification parade?

Answer 9

• S may or may not be amongst images + say if they cannot make an identification
• They can ask the line up to speak/move but if this leads to a positive ID the judge may tell the jury to treat the evidence with caution.

Question 10

explain group identification

Answer 10

• W sees S in informal situation in location where people similar to S might be.
• Can be consensual or covert.

Question 11

explain confrontation

Answer 11

• W brought face to face with S. Very Rare.
• Might be used if S won’t consent.