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AUDE 6140 - Pediatric Audiology > Typical Speech and Auditory Development > Flashcards

Typical Speech and Auditory Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 elements of language?

A

Phonology, semantics, morphology, pragmatics, and syntax

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2
Q

What is phonology?

A

The sounds of a language

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3
Q

What is semantics?

A

Study of words and their meanings

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4
Q

What is morphology?

A

Study of rules that governs morphemes

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5
Q

What are pragmatics?

A

Study of how people use language to communicate effectively

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6
Q

What is syntax?

A

The arrangement of words in sentences

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7
Q

What is speech perception?

A

The process by which the sounds of language are heard, interpreted, and understood. It describes the ability to perceive linguistic structure in the acoustic speech signal

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8
Q

What is language?

A

Communication of thoughts and feelings through a system of signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols

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9
Q

What is speech?

A

The act of expressing or describing thoughts, feelings, or perceptions by the articulation of words

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10
Q

What is the first sign of communication in infants?

A

Crying
Will bring food, comfort, and companionship

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11
Q

Is language exposure just auditory?

A

No, also comes from face-to-face interaction and reading emotion

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12
Q

Do full term newborns have more than 2 months of auditory experience?

A

Yes
They could hear before birth

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13
Q

What is the frequency range that infants can hear in utero?

A

Up to 1000 Hz
Attenuated at higher frequencies
Although one study suggests that they have access up to 2600 Hz due to responding differently to native vowels

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14
Q

What is early encoding?

A

They don’t just have access to auditory information, but also speech information (store into memory before birth)
They can distinguish their native language from a foreign one
They prefer their mom’s voice

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15
Q

Can fetuses perceive suprasegmental information?

A

Yes, such as early encoding, sensitivity to rhythm and intonation, and early speech processing

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16
Q

What is early speech processing for fetuses?

A

Infants prefer infant-directed speech over adult directed speech
They prefer intonation that conveys emotional information
They prefer speech with positive affect

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17
Q

Can infants perceive segmental information?

A

Yes, such as phoneme sensitivity and language experience

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18
Q

What is segmental information?

A

Acoustic properties that differentiate phonemes

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19
Q

Can infants detect phonetic properties to identify phonemes?

A

Yes
Can identify phonemes across languages and discriminate voicing, place, and manner of articulation

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20
Q

Can infants encode phonemes into long-term memory?

A

Yes
They can show preferences for native language rhythms and phoneme inventories by 9 months

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21
Q

Do infants initially discriminate phonemic contrasts universally?

A

Yes, but they focus on native language sounds by 10-12 months

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22
Q

What do behaviorists believe about speech?

A

They believe that all language learning is acquired step-by-step
Associations and reinforcements

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23
Q

What do linguists believe about speech?

A

Linguists believe language is a product of biology and is too complex to be mastered so early and easily by conditioning

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24
Q

Do children who are spoken to more and praised by caregivers develop language faster?

A

Yes

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25
How do parents and caregivers speak to their children?
Name items for infants when speaking to them Speak clearly and slowly Motherese (baby-talk) to capture interest
26
Why are infants equipped for language before birth?
Brain readiness and auditory experiences in the uterus
27
Do newborns prefer to hear speech over other sounds?
Yes They will look longer and turn their head toward the speech source Whether it is familiar or not, it always fascinates infants
28
What is infant-directed speech?
Speak slowly and with exaggerated changes in pitch and loudness Elongated pauses between utterances Attracts their attention more than adult-directed speech due to more salient language cues available
29
What speech milestone occurs from birth to 6 weeks?
Crying phase
30
What speech milestone occurs from 7 weeks to 3 months?
Cooing
31
What speech milestone occurs after 4 months?
Babbling
32
What speech milestone occurs after 8-10 months?
First understanding of language
33
What speech milestone occurs at approximately 12 months?
First words
34
What speech milestone occurs at 18 months?
50 words
35
What speech milestone occurs between 18-20 months?
Vocabulary spurt
36
What speech milestone occurs at 24 months?
Two word sentences
37
What speech milestone occurs after 30 months?
Grammar development
38
What will infants begin to do at 2 months?
Make sounds that are language based Starts with cooing Vowel-like sounds "ooooo" and "ahhhh"
39
When do infants begin to make speech-like sounds that have no meaning?
5-6 months Babbling
40
What is babbling?
Extended repetition of certain single syllables ma-ma-ma, da-da-da, ba-ba-ba
41
Is babbling experience expectant learning?
Yes, all babies babble and gesture The sounds they make are similar no matter what language their parents speak
42
After babbling starts, what changes about it after a few months?
Babbling incorporates sounds from their native language
43
What speech sounds are typically developed first?
p, b, h, n, w, m
44
What speech sounds are typically developed last?
r, th
45
When do children typically begin using gestures and symbols?
Shortly before their first birthday Conveys a message just like words, can pave the way for language
46
Once an infant's vocabulary reaches 50 words, does it begin to rapidly build?
Yes 50-100+ words per month Mostly nouns
47
What is the language spurt around 18 months called?
Naming explosion
48
By 2.5 years, can children produce more complex sounds?
Yes Can produce four or more words per sentence Start producing longer sentences with grammatical morphemes
49
What are some early errors in language?
Underextension and overextension Overregularization
50
What is underextension?
Using a word too narrowly Using the word “cat” to refer only to the family cat Using the word “ball” to refer only to a favorite toy ball
51
What is overextension?
Using a given word in a broader context than is appropriate Common between 1 and 3 years of age More common than underextension Toddlers will apply the new word to a group of similar experiences “Open” – for opening a door, peeling fruit, or undoing shoelaces
52
What is overregularization?
Speech errors in which children treat irregular forms of words as if they were regular This leads young children to talk about “foots”, “tooths”, “sleeps”, “sheeps” and “mouses” Sign of verbal sophistication because it shows children are applying grammar rules
53
What is the apgar evaluation?
Evaluation in the delivery room Developed in 1953 Completed at 1 minute and again at 5 minutes after birth 5 observations (vitals) Rating of 0 to 2 assigned to each observation (max score 10)
54
What are the 5 observations in the apgar evaluation?
Heart rate Respiratory effort Reflex irritability Muscle tone Color
55
What is gestational age?
Weeks as the duration of the pregnancy before birth Time between conception and birth Estimated from mother's last menstrual period and physical and neuromuscular characteristics of the fetus
56
What is prenatal?
Before birth
57
What is postnatal?
After birth
58
What is perinatal?
Pertaining to the period around the time of birth, from the 28th week of gestation through the seventh day following delivery
59
What is the embryonic period?
First 8 weeks All major organs formed
60
What is the fetal period?
Remaining 30 weeks Organs grow larger and become more complex
61
What is chronological age?
Age from the actual day the child was born
62
What is the corrected or adjusted age?
Done with premature child The baby’s actual age in weeks minus the number of weeks the baby was preterm. i.e., it is based on the age the child would be if the pregnancy had actually gone to term Corrected age (CA) = chronological age - # weeks or months premature
63
What is considered full term?
Born between 37 and 42 weeks from mother's last period 40 typical
64
What is premature?
Born less than 37 weeks gestation
65
What is post term?
Born after 42 weeks gestation
66
What is neonate?
Infant during the first 4 weeks of life
67
What is an infant?
1 month to 1 year in age
68
When does the ear begin to develop?
3rd week of embryonic life
69
When are the external ear and middle ear initiated?
4th week (with the formation of the branchial arches) Become recognizable by week 8
70
When do the structures of the inner ear mature?
Weeks 20 to 26
71
When does the auditory nerve hook up to the cochlea?
24 to 26 weeks
72
Does neural maturation continue for many years after birth?
Yes
73
When does the auditory system become functional?
Around 25 weeks gestation Developing during first 20 weeks
74
What neonatal hearing development milestone happens between 0 to 4 months?
Moro reflex Eye blinking or widening Sucking Startle when loud noise
75
What neonatal hearing development milestone happens between 4 to 7 months?
Head lateral turn towards sound source
76
What neonatal hearing development milestone happens between 7 to 9 months?
Good lateral localization skills or downward
77
What neonatal hearing development milestone happens between 9 to 13 months?
Sound localization in all directions
78
What neonatal hearing development milestone happens at 13+ months?
Excellent localization, child can also be distracted easily
79
If children do not have access to sound and incidental learning, do they fall behind in language learning?
Yes Want to maximize incidental learning
80
What is absolute auditory sensitivity?
Ability to detect a sound in quiet
81
Do developmental improvements in absolute sensitivity mature equally at all frequencies?
No Higher frequencies mature more rapidly (threshold decreases as auditory system matures) Absolute sensitivity does not reach adult levels until about 10 years of age at all frequencies
82
Do 6 month-olds have adult-like frequency resolution at all frequencies?
Yes
83
What is the frequency resolution for 3-month-olds?
Mature frequency resolution at 500 and 1000 Hz, but had poorer resolution than adults and older infants at 4000 Hz
84
When does intensity discrimination develop?
Variable performance by 6 months Consistent an good at 12 months Decreases from 3 dB to 1 to 2 dB at 6 years
85
Can a 7-month old hear complex pitch like adults?
Yes
86
What size of gaps can adults detect?
As short as 3 ms
87
Can infants up to 12-months-old detect gaps?
Can not detect them shorter than about 30 ms
88
What are the gap detection abilities by preschool?
Improved to about 12 ms at 2000 Hz Appears to be mature at 6 years
89
Is spatial hearing in infants and young children good?
Not as good as adults
89
When do children have spatial hearing as good as adults?
5 years old
90
Do preschoolers and school-aged children require a higher SNR than adults?
Yes, they need that to achieve similar levels of performance on speech recognition tests
91
Do children with hearing loss babble?
They babble similarly to those with normal hearing until 6 months Less babbling as they grow older Rate of babbling can increase if parents speak to them
92
Is babbling more affected with those with severe hearing loss compared to mild or moderate?
Yes Babbling of moderately impaired infants if closer to normal
93
Do Deaf infants and toddlers master sign language in the same way and at the same pace as hearing children master spoken language?
Yes
94
Do Deaf infants often babble in ASL?
Yes
95

AUDE 6140 - Pediatric Audiology (15 decks)

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