TYRONE Flashcards

Question

why was tyrone's revolt a serious challenge to england

Answer 1

-tyrone's army was large, well trained and well-equipped -he used english and spanish captains to train his men -he had acess to imported weapons and ammunition

Answer 2

-1,000 cavalry -4,000 musket men -1,000 pike men COMPARISON TO ENGLISH ARMY -tyrone's troops used modern weapons (muskets and pikes) instead of traditional weapons -many irish soldiers deserted the english army to join -tyrones cavalry was better trained than english horsemen (advantage in open battle)

Answer 3

Ulster chieftans including.... -Hugh Roe o'donell (his son in law) -Hugh maguire (traditional feuds of clans in ireland were set aside)

Answer 4

Tyrones sucessecouraged other irish chieftans outside ulster to join the rebellion -1595: rebellion spread to connaught -1598: rebellion spread to Leinster and Munster -his key allies outside ulster became James Fitz Thomas (Earl of Desmond, Leinster), and Florence McCarthy (Munster)

Answer 5

-irish rebels had 6,000 foot soldiers, 1200 cavalry -english forces had: 5,732 foot soldiers and 617 cavalry IN RESPONSE -in 1599 elizabeth finally sent the largest army of her reign to ireland (led by Robert Devereaux, second earl of Essex)

Answer 6

-he saw it as his duty to help fellow catholics -wanted to destabilise english war effort -england and spain were already at war (since 1585) HOW DID ENGLAND PROVOKE SPANISH INTERVENTION -england helped dutch protestants rebel against spain -english had attacked spanish ports like Cadiz

Answer 7

-sent a second armarda (100 ships) to ireland (a seperate fleet to attack england) FAILURE -it failed because there were strong winds and 32 ships wqere lost

Answer 8

continued spanish intervention considered using ireland as a base to invade england

Answer 9

he struggled to send troops due to the ongoing wars with dutch rebels in england -when he finally sent troops in 1601 storms separated some ships carrying vital supplies -only 3,400 of the 6,000 requested troops landed in kinsdale

Answer 10

-threat was large but the failures outweighed the threat -weapons and money were helpful but insufficient in numbers -delays and stoms weakened spanish intervention -rebellion already declining by 1601

Answer 11

-attacks on english garrisom forts on ulsers borders

Answer 12

-rebels attacked the and the english commander surrendered RESPONSE -in response lord deputy Russell rewuested reinfocemrnts from London so english troops were withdraw from brittany THERE WERE 2,000 MEN PROMISED, ONLY 1,61 ARRIVED (IN POOR CONDITION)

Answer 13

-1595 irish captured enniskillen and besiged monaghan castle -english commander Sir Henry Bagenal marched 1,750nmen to resupply Monaghan (they ambushed tyrone's forces) TYRONE TACTICS -used well trained musket men hidden on both sides of the road, forced english to slow down and they became vunerable -killed 31 and wounded 109 English -proved irish could outfight the british ESCAPE OF BRITISH -bagenal escaped as they were rescued at sea

Answer 14

-in response to the humiliation the english retook blackwater but reached a stalemate by the end of 1595 TYRONE EARLY GARRISON STRATEGY -too expensive and dangerus to supply to remote forts and made the rebel forces vulnerable

Answer 15

WHY -war was expensive MARCH TRUCE -Tyrone submitted and agreed to pay damages -stopped demanding catholic freedom -accepted English sovereignty -english agreed to move garrisons

Answer 16

-tyrone was negotiating with spain in secret -in 1595 they offered the crown of ireland to Archduke Albert (phillip ii's nephew) and wanted a spanish army , money and weapons in return, spanish sent representatives in 1596 to plan a spanish invasion

Answer 17

TYRONE -more agressive tactics -appointed irish lords, challenging english authority -declared himself leader of the united catholic resistance this was a turning point in the rebellion as english control was weakening ENGLISH RESPONSE -replaced lord deputy Russell and army commander sir Henry norris with Thomas Lord Burgh -burgh aimed to attack tyrone's ulster stronghold -however burgh and sir henry norris died in 1597 leaving english directionless

Answer 18

-origionally planned to charge on ulster and attack Tyrone's estates at Dunnganon -changed this approach as he was outnumbered by tyrone's forces -instead he decided to build new fortifications (e.g the blackwater fort)

Answer 19

PURPOSE -to protect the english garrison and serve as a base for future attacks on tyrone WEAKNESSES -could only have 150 soldiers

Answer 20

-distracted by spanish armarda, they ended up having to divert key military commanders like sir thomas norris to munster

Answer 21

-his army contained many irish troops whose loyalty was uncertain

Answer 22

-didnt want to abandon it -wanted to divide rebels through negotiations instead -delayed action

Answer 23

1598 -henry bagenal led an army of 4,200 men to relieve blackwater fort -tyrone's forces ambushed and attacked from both sides as the english crossed yellow ford, using musket fire from hidden positions DIFFICULTIES FACED BY ENGLISH -slow movement due to the ford and boggy terrain -heavy artillery got stuck -irish troops in this army abandoned CASUALTIES -830 english soldiers dead -400 wounded -english suppies lost -only 2,000 made it back to armagh

Answer 24

VUNERABLE -english gov focus was on ulster WHAT HAPPENED TO SETTLERS -3,000 settlers attacked by irish tenants -the oplantation which took 14 years to establish collapsed in days

Answer 25

TROOPS -sent 1,900 troops to defend dublin and by 1599 another 6,300 troops FAILURES -hesitated in appointing a new lord deputy after burghs death, leaving military leadership uncertain

Answer 26

Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex as lord leiutenant of england

Answer 27

-Hugh Roe O'donnell besiged Sir Donough o'connors stronghold in connaught, this threatened one of englands few english allies

Answer 28

-199 -hugh roe odonell beseiged o'connors strongold in connaught -sir conyers clifford, president of connaught, was sent to relive o'conner with 1490 foot soldiers and 205 cavalry -english had a disadvantage as they had to cross the curlew mouintains with limited escape resources (surrounded by bog) -the rebels used the mountainous terrain to attack english troops -after defeat of the english, o'connor had to suurerend to rebels (weakening english influence on connaught) CASUALTIES -clifford was killed -1/3 of english army was lost

Answer 29

-he abandoned his plans to attack tyrone (elizabeth was furious and ordered him to march north)

Answer 30

-negotiated a private truce which allowed rebels to keep all lands and fortresses they held -this significantly weakened british control of ireland

Answer 31

BACKGROUND -English gentry with estates in ulster -wanted to expand his power in ulster leading him to clash with tyrone POLITICAL ROLE -1586 when summoned to court he produced a description and present state of ulster (highlighted tyrone's growing influence) -recommended dividing the o'neills land and establishing and ulster council (demands largely ignored IMPACT ON TYRONES REBELLION -hostility to tyrone alienation from the English MILITAY ROLE AND FAILURES -appointed marshal in 1591 and responsible for organising english army -lacked military skill and was responsible for major defeats... -clontibret- ambushed by irish forces -yellow ford- lost control of his army leading to panic and his own death

Answer 32

BACKGROUND -leader of the McCarthy Reagh branch in munster -orgionally loyal to english but later viewed it as a threat GRIEVENCES AGAINST ENGLISH -Potential spanish connections (spoke spanish, was seen interacting with spanish forces) -arrested in 1589 over fears of his growing influence -england backed his rival, Donal McCarthy which prevented florence from becoming the chief of all mccarthies -returned to ireland in 1983 hostile to english rule ROLE IN REBELLION -1598 tyrone sought out his support but he hesitates -he promised england loyalty if they made him McCarthy more -never fully commited to rebellion but did allow some of tyrone's forces on his land -his lands (Kinsale) became a kkey site for spanish landing in 1601 -didnt openly fight for either side DEFEAT -arrested in 1601 due to maintained suspicion -found to have corresponded with tyrone and other rebels -his removal weakened the irish position in munster and benefitted the English

Answer 33

APPOINTMENT -was appointed lord lieutenant of ireland in 1599 after the death of burgh -lacked military experience and made poor strategic decisions KEY MISTAKES -split his army to reinforce garrisons, weakening his main force -wasted resources campaigning in munster instead of focusing on ulster -reputation damaged by english loss at curlew pass MEETING WITH TYRONE -By august 1599 only 4,000 troops remained from his origional force -secretly met tyrone without any witnesses, suspicion of treason arose -abandoned ireland without permission in sept 1599 DOWNFALL -disobedience led to trial before the privy council -he was replaced by lord mountjoy, who succeeded where essex failed

Answer 34

APPOINTMENT AND STRATEGY -replaces essex -arrived in ireland in 1600 -was an experienced military commander who previously fought in the netherlands and france -focused on surrounding tyrone and cutting off external support

Answer 35

DISRUPTING TYRONES MOVEMENTS -tyrone marched into munster in 1600 but withdrew when faced with english reinforcements -Sir George Carew (president of munster) helped mountjoy regain control of munster ENCIRCLING TYRONE -at blackwater river (1600) mounjoy distracted tyrome while 4,000 english troops landed in norther ulster (Lough Foyle) -this left tyrone surrounded in ulster BATTLE OF MOYRY PASS -attempted to defeat tyrone directly but suffered losses (75 killed 300 wounded) -howeber mountjoys strategy forced tyrone into a defensive position

Answer 36

-successfully weakened tyrones forces unlike Essex -his strategy combined with Carews efforts in Munster made irish forces dependent on spanish reinforcements

Answer 37

IMPORTANCE OF SUPPORT -spanish troops were highly trained and brought seige guns ARRIVAL OF TROOPS -philip iii agreed to send them in 1601 -However by this time carew had already suppressed munsters unrest -when the spanish landed at kinsale they were too late to support the irish rebels

Answer 38

-feared spanish presence could reignite munster rebellion -he besieged kinsale with 7,000 men in oct 1601 -IN RESPONSE, tyrone marched 6,500 men south in midwinter to join the spanish

Answer 39

-mountjoy launched a suprise attack -rish cavalry panicked and scattered into their own troops -spanish did not join the battle as they were waiting for the irish as a meeting point -the english won- and this became the last major military engagement of the rebellion CONSEQUENCES -Tyrone retreated to ulster -o'donell fled to spain -spanish troops surrendered in janury 1602

Answer 40

-in 1602 -held by irish rebel Donal o'sullivan bere in the name of the spanish king -carew prepared for the seige of dunboy castle by using bere island as a base to avoid passing difficult terrain -found an undefended beach to land troops (after meeting with the constable of dunboy, richard mcgeoghan, who said irish wouldnt surrender and made the mistake of saying that if english landed on the beach in front of the castle they would be trapped) -wanted to take dunboy before spanish troops arrived EVENTS -english cannon fire broke down castle walls -macgeogan was badly wounded -english trapped defenders in the vaults and bombarded them -all 143 defenders were killed and 58 were executed in the market place

Answer 41

-ended the last irish resistence on munster -castle was destroyed to prevent future resistence

Answer 42

-mountjoy pursued tyrone into ulster with 3,000 men -tyrones forces surrender -1603 tyrone surrendered

Answer 43

-elizabeth had died 6 days earlier -mountjoy wanted to return to england and gain favor with James i -tyrone was pardoned and recognised as chief lord of ulster under the english crown

Answer 44

-limited resources yet population of 4 million -gov income was only 300,000 a year -maintaining forces in the netherlands was 100,000 per year -ireland became englands biggest military expense

Answer 45

-many untrained and undisciplined -irish troops deserted english force

Answer 46

-local taxpayers had to fund troops -counties like kent paid heavily for cavalry and foot soldiers -1590s saw economic hardship (harvest failure, famine, diease) -in 1596 men in middlesex refused to contribute to military payments

Answer 47

ENGLISH RESOURCES UNDERMINED -unfamilliar terrain- irish used gurrilla warefare -slow communication- english reinforcements took time to arrive -transportimg men and supplies to ireland was difficult TYRONE MAINTENANCE OF REBELLION -had an efficient financial system- had an income of £80,000 per year -reorganised ulster economy to fund war effort -could afford to maintain an army

Answer 48

-1601 english e=increased reinforcements -appintment of mountjoy -battle of kinsdale irish defeat led to collapse of their rebellion

TYRONE Flashcards

(73 cards)