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Tudors 1485–1603 > Tyrone Rebellion > Flashcards

Tyrone Rebellion Flashcards

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

What was the name of Tyrone O’Neill’s rebellion?

A

It is known in Ireland as the Nine Years’ War.

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3
Q

What was the duration of Tyrone O’Neill’s rebellion?

A

1596–1603.

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4
Q

Where did Tyrone O’Neill’s rebellion take place?

A

Ulster, in the north of Ireland – the Kildare’s stronghold.

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5
Q

Who was the leader of the rebellion?

A

Tyrone (3rd Earl of Tyrone).

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6
Q

What were the main causes of the rebellion?

A

Local resistance to English centralisation. Tyrone believed in a break with the Tudors, with himself as the new Irish leader.

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7
Q

Why did Tyrone rebel?

A

The rebellion broke out when the English refused to give him the right to govern all 12 counties of Ulster.

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8
Q

What was a subsidiary cause of Tyrone’s rebellion?

A

Tyrone wrapped himself in religion, seeking support from Spain and the Pope.

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9
Q

What was another reason for Tyrone’s rebellion?

A

Opportunism. English forces were weak at the time, and Tyrone saw an opportunity to resist.

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10
Q

What was the outcome of the rebellion?

A

Tyrone gave up claims to overlordship in exchange for effective independence but eventually fled Ireland for good in 1607.

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11
Q

What was the final outcome for the Irish chieftains?

A

The defeat of Irish chieftains, with most officials being English-born and English common law applied to all Irish counties.

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12
Q

How high was the degree of threat posed by Tyrone’s rebellion?

A

High. Tyrone’s rebellion aimed for an island-wide campaign against the English, threatening regime change in Ireland.

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13
Q

What key event marked the start of Tyrone’s rebellion?

A

The first sign of trouble came in 1594 with the Battle of the Ford of Biscuits, where an Irish force raided an English supply column.

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14
Q

When did Tyrone’s rebellion officially break out?

A

The rebellion officially broke out in February 1595.

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15
Q

What happened in 1598 during the rebellion?

A

Tyrone won a major victory at the Battle of the Yellow Ford, killing 800 English troops.

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16
Q

What was the significance of the Battle of the Yellow Ford?

A

It was the only major defeat inflicted by rebels on a government army during the period.

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17
Q

How did the defeat at Yellow Ford affect the English?

A

Elizabeth had to raise a large army of 17,000 men to send to Ireland under the Earl of Essex.

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18
Q

What was the result of the Earl of Essex’s campaign?

A

Essex failed to catch Tyrone and was forced to make a peace when his funds ran low.

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19
Q

How did Essex’s campaign affect Dublin?

A

Essex’s campaign led to massive inflation (80%) and near-famine in Dublin due to heavy taxation.

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20
Q

Who replaced Essex after his failure?

A

Mountjoy replaced Essex and successfully defeated Tyrone’s forces.

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21
Q

What happened at the Battle of Kinsale?

A

Mountjoy secured a victory over a 3,500-strong Spanish force that had landed in Ireland to aid Tyrone.

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22
Q

What was Tyrone’s surrender in 1603?

A

Tyrone surrendered, giving up all claims to overlordship in Ulster, but was allowed to continue ruling in exchange for nominal submission.

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23
Q

How did the rebellion affect Ireland by 1603?

A

Although the new Lord Lieutenant was English, Ireland beyond the Pale was still ruled for England by Irishmen.

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24
Q

What did the Tudors gain in Ireland by the end of the rebellion?

A

A chain of English castles, more English-born officials in the administration, and the enforcement of English common law.

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25
What happened in 1607 following the rebellion?
Tyrone and the Earl of Tyrconnell fled Ireland in the 'Flight of the Earls,' signaling the end of Gaelic lordship in Ireland.
26
What happened after the 'Flight of the Earls'?
The Ulster Plantation began in 1609, with English and Scottish Protestants settling in Ulster.
27
What was a reason for Tyrone’s success?
His rebellion was the longest-lasting of the Tudor period, lasting longer than Warbeck's rebellion.
28
What was another reason for Tyrone’s success?
Tyrone outmanoeuvred the Earl of Essex, forcing him to make an unconditional peace and exhausting English resources.
29
What atrocities were committed by the English?
The English committed major atrocities during the rebellion, with some historians describing it as 'genocidal'.
30
Why was Tyrone ultimately unsuccessful?
He failed to obtain significant support from overseas, and many Irish clans hesitated to back him militarily.
31
What were the English's superior advantages?
The English had superior financial resources, with Elizabeth spending £2 million to suppress the rebellion.
32
Why was Tyrone’s army able to succeed?
Tyrone's army was well-equipped with modern weapons and trained by Spanish veterans. One third of his men had guns.
33
What challenges did the English army face?
The English army was understrength, only about 4,000 strong, and had to guard supply lines and castles.
34
What was the terrain like in Tyrone’s Ulster?
The terrain in Ulster was difficult for the English to penetrate, with 25% of the country being bog and thick forest cover.
35
How was Tyrone’s army equipped?
Tyrone’s army had muskets and pikes, modern weapons for the time, unlike the traditional axes and javelins of previous rebels.
36
Why was Tyrone’s rebellion different from earlier ones?
It was far more organized and professional, unlike earlier Irish rebellions that were often chaotic.
37
How many troops were in Tyrone’s army?
Tyrone commanded 6,000 men by 1601, including infantry and cavalry, trained in modern military tactics.
38
What was the result of the Spanish support in Kinsale?
The Spanish landing at Kinsale in 1601 was poorly coordinated and led to defeat, as their aid came too late.
39
How did the English government initially respond to Tyrone’s rebellion?
Initially, the rebellion was seen as a local disturbance and the Crown’s response was slow.
40
What mistake did the Earl of Essex make in 1599?
Essex ignored orders and made a disastrous truce with Tyrone, damaging Elizabeth’s authority.
41
What was the strategy under Mountjoy after 1600?
Mountjoy adopted a scorched-earth strategy, cutting off rebel supply lines and building fortifications.
42
How did Mountjoy’s military strategy differ from Essex's?
Mountjoy’s strategy was far more effective, involving a systematic military campaign to wear down the rebels.
43
How did the rebellion change English governance in Ireland?
The rebellion showed the need for direct governance and a shift towards militarization of English rule in Ireland.
44
What changes did the rebellion provoke in religious policy?
The rebellion reinforced anti-Catholic sentiment, and Protestantism became a tool of colonial oppression.
45
How did the rebellion influence English officials?
It led to a shift towards more hardline English officials, especially after the failure of early policies under Fitzwilliam and Essex.
46
What was the result of the Treaty of Mellifont in 1603?
Tyrone and other lords were pardoned and allowed to keep some of their titles, but the Treaty marked the end of the rebellion.
47
What happened after the rebellion in 1607?
The 'Flight of the Earls' occurred, signaling the collapse of Gaelic lordship in Ireland.
48
What did the rebellion highlight about Irish governance?
It highlighted the failure of conciliation policies and the need for more direct English rule.
49
What were some of the socio-economic consequences of the rebellion?
The rebellion caused widespread famine, economic collapse, and civilian suffering, particularly in Ulster between 1602–1603.
50
What was the impact of the rebellion on Irish land?
The rebellion led to the Ulster Plantation in 1609, where confiscated lands were given to English and Scottish settlers.
51
What was the impact of the rebellion on English officials?
Sir William Fitzwilliam, Lord Deputy, was criticized for failing to contain the rebellion, and the Earl of Essex was recalled in disgrace.
52
How did the rebellion impact Elizabeth I's military strategy?
The rebellion prompted increased military spending and a shift towards more brutal and systematic strategies under Mountjoy.
53
What was the final impact of the rebellion on Irish society?
The rebellion deeply entrenched divisions between Catholic Ireland and Protestant England, setting the stage for further conflict in the 17th century.
54
What was the role of Catholic identity in the rebellion?
Catholic identity became central to the rebellion’s ideology and foreign diplomacy, especially after 1598.
55
What were the aims of the rebellion by 1598?
To establish an independent, Catholic Ireland free of English Protestant rule and to gain foreign recognition.
56
Where was the rebellion based?
Primarily based in Ulster, with strongholds in Dungannon and Tyrconnell.
57
What was the significance of the Battle of Yellow Ford?
It was a major victory for Tyrone, giving him the opportunity to consolidate power and territory.
58
How did the rebellion affect Irish social structures?
The rebellion highlighted the fragility of the Gaelic aristocracy and the resistance of Irish society to English encroachment.
59
What marked the rebellion as a national struggle?
Unlike previous local uprisings, Tyrone's rebellion became a truly island-wide campaign by 1601.
60
What were the religious motivations behind the rebellion?
Tyrone framed the rebellion as a defense of Catholicism and used religious propaganda to gain support from foreign Catholic powers.
61
What was the scale of the rebellion’s foreign involvement?
Tyrone received support from Spain and the Papacy, framing the conflict as part of the wider Counter-Reformation.
62
How did the rebellion shape future English policies in Ireland?
It led to a shift towards direct military control and colonization, particularly the Ulster Plantation in 1609.

Tudors 1485–1603 (7 decks)

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