Tyrone's rebellion 1594-1603 Flashcards
(67 cards)
What was the ‘Irishry’
Lands beyond the Pale
What was the Lord Deputy
England controlled Dublin and the Pale through a Lord Deputy. Until Mary’s reign, this position was held by earls of Kildare.
How did Elizabeth ANGLICANISE Ireland
E1 began to pursue a more hard-line policy of trying to replace Irish traditions and laws with English ones. E.g. English tried to establish councils to govern regions of Connaught and Munster (modelled on Councils of North and Wales) as well as sub-dividing regions into English style counties using sheriffs.
What was plantation
Plantations were used to fortify lands surrounding the Pale and to encourage English settlers to move into territory just outside the Pale with the aim of civilising the Irish by introducing English customs and practices
What were the 2 issues that caused resentment to boil over into open rebellion
-The Reformation- the largely Catholic Irish wished to maintain their links to Rome
-The Plantations- especially of Munster and Ulster
Who was Hugh O’Neill opposed by
Sir Turlough Luineach O’Neill
Support for Hugh O’Neill and Hugh Roe O’Donell?
- Significant
- Their revolt became a national struggle for independence due to the charismatic and inspirational leadership of O’Neill
Foreign support (3)
- Obtained support from Spain- Phillip II was keen to have revenge on E1 for the Armada 1588
- helped the Irish rebels with financial and military aid
- Believed that Spanish aid would counter English support for the Dutch
How did O’Neill’s military leadership benefit the rebels? (4)
- O’Neill was able to raise and train men from within his lordship
- He encouraged English soldiers resident in Ireland to serve him
- He hired mercenaries from Scotland
- He purchased the latest military technology using his extensive funds
Causes of the rebellion (5)
- English plantations beyond the Pale
- Tyrone’s grievances
- Grievances of other Ulster lords
- Mistakes of the English government
- Religion
How did English plantations beyond the Pale cause rebellion
Hint: Ulster, 1570s
- During the 1570s, attempts to establish a settlement in Eastern Ulster, led by the Earl of Essex and Sir Thomas Smith, were put down by both the O’Neils and the O’Donnells.
- In response, the English government massacred 200 members of the O’Neil Clan at a feast that the English invited them to, in 1574.
- In 1575, the English killed 500 members of the O’Donnell clan in a surprise raid.
- Elizabeth called off the plantation in 1576, but the damage has already been done to Anglo-Irish relations.
How did Tyrone’s greivance contribute to the causes of the rebellion
Tyrone wanted control over Ulster but E1’s government refused- 1595 rebelled
How did the grievances of other Ulster lords cause rebellion
- Some were not willing to accept English style rule, e.g Hugh Roe MacMahon was executed and lands given to english settlers, i.e. Sir Henry Bagenal
- Hugh O’Donnell was imprisoned by the English, escaped in 1591
- Hugh Maguire resented English interference in Fermanagh. Launched an attack on English Officials in Silgo, May 1593
- Maguire and O’Donnell’s plots against the English in early 1590s made it harder for Tyrone to remain neutral as they were married to his daughters.
Mistakes of the English government that led to Tyrone’s Rebellion?
- Didn’t trust Tyrone and refused his request to have complete control over Ulster in exchange for acceptance of English-Style Government
- His friends in the English Court (Earl of Leicester and Elizabeth’s Spymaster) had died and been replaced with men with no connection to him.
- His feud with Sir Henry Bagenal (who had been promoted to lead the English Army in Ireland) deepened his disdain for Englishmen claiming titles in Ireland because of their connections to the English Court
What were the Religious causes of the Rebellion? (3)
- Religious customs and laws in Ireland were being replaced with English ones
- New English settlers arriving in Munster were radical Protestants
- Influx of Protestant settlers created an additional threat for those loyal to Catholicism
What were the 5 battles
- Battle of Clontibret 1595
- Battle of Yellow Ford 1598
- Battle of Curlew Pass 1599
- Battle of Kinsale 1601
- Siege of Dunboy
Who won the Battle of Clontibret ‘95
Truce was reached
BUT truce did not last. Irish encouraged by Spanish support to keep fighting
Why did Clontibret ‘95 outcome happen
-Rebels found their tactic of capturing small fortressess too expensive
-E1 keen to negotiate
-1596 negotiations broke down
1596 Spanish offered support
-Propaganda- Catholics to join the rebels
Spanish offering support 1596
Tyrone and O’Donnell offer crowns of Ireland to Archduke of Alba,
in return rebels get Spanish army, money and weapons
The Battle of Yellow Ford ‘98 result
- Tyrone victorious
- Encouraged discontented Irishmen in Munster to rebel
- Munster plantations were overthrown rapidly
Evidence for the support Tyrone had within Ireland
- Commanded a large rebel army which was well organised
- Used English and Spanish captains to train his men and imported weapons and ammunition
- Had the support of other Ulster chieftains (Hugh Roe O’Donnel and Hugh Maguire)
Tyrone rebel army figures 1595
1,000 cavalry
4,000 musket men
1,000 pikemen
Tyrone rebel army figures 1596
6,000 foot soldiers and 1,200 cavalry
1596 Spanish support
Sent 100 ships but 32 were dispersed by strong winds
