U1-T4

Question 1

4conservation methods

Answer 1

Legal protection
Sustainable management of exploitation
Captive breeding and release
Habitat conservation

Question 2

3 different ways in which legal protection/ laws can help to protect endangered species or/ and habitat

Answer 2

Trade control
Banning damaging activities
Designation of legally protected areas

Question 3

What can you say about trade controls?

Answer 3

It may be very difficult to prevent protected species from bing collected especially in remote areas, but if they are sold to buyers a long way away, they ,as have to pass through ports, airports or cross borders where there are already customs checks for other goods. A Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species has been created to regulates international trade in endangered animals, plants or their products

Question 4

What is CITES?

Answer 4

CITES refer to the words the Convention on International Trade in Endegered Species. It is an international agreement between governments that regulates the international trade in endangered animals, plant and their products. CITES is divided in 3 appendix.

Question 5

Explain the Appendix I of CITES

Answer 5

Appendix I includes species threatened with extinction and places a complete ban on trade (except by special licence, for example for zoo breeding programmes). limited trade is permitted.

Question 6

Explain appendix II of CITES

Answer 6

Apendix II includes species that may be threatened with extinction if trade is not closely controlled. Limites trade is permitted.

Question 7

Which species are include on Appendix II of CITES?

Answer 7

Species include hippopotamus, polar bear, Venus fly trap, Honduras mahogany great white shark, basking and whale shark.

Question 8

Which species are included on Appendix I of CITES?

Answer 8

Tiger, blue whale, rhinocéros, chimpanzee and gorilla

Question 9

Explain the Appendix III of CITES and give 2 examples

Answer 9

It includes species where particular countries have requested assistance from other countries in protecting certain species, for example the walrus in Canada and the Pygmy anteater in Guatemala.

Question 10

What is the Wildlife and Countryside Act ?

Answer 10

The Wildlife and Countryside Act is a UK law that provides protection for many wildlife species by legally protecting their habitats or by making the exploitation or harming of them illegal.

Question 11

Name some features of the Wildlife and Countryside Act that protect wildlife

Answer 11

1. SSSIs may be designed to protect habitats
2. The uprooting of wild plants is generally illegal
3. Harming wild birds or their nests is illegal except for some ´pests’ or game species
4. Many mammals are protected, for example otters, shrew, dormice
5. Badgers and their setts (tunnels) are protected
6. Bats may not be disturbed and woodworm treatment chemicals used in roofs where there are bats must not be toxic to bats

Question 12

Name an Act of Parliament that can help to ban damaging activities in UK

Answer 12

Wildlife and Countryside Act

Question 13

What can you say about the designation of legally protected areas?

Answer 13

Designated protected areas place restrictions on the activities that may be carried out there to provide protection for the community of species that live there rather than just for particular species

Question 14

Examples of designated areas for wildlife conservation in the U.K. Include:

Answer 14

SSSIs, NNRs, SPAs, SACs, MNRs and Ramsar sites

Question 15

What can you say about sustainable management of exploitation ?

Answer 15

If a species is being exploited at a sustainable level then the future of the species may not be threatened.
International Whaling Comission and EU Common Fisheries Policy are/ were intended to ensure a sustainable exploitation of fossil and whales.

Question 16

What is the International Whaling commission? What do they do?

Answer 16

The International Whaling Commission (IWC) aims to control (not ban) Whaling and ensure exploitation is suitable by conserving whale stock through:

• total protection for certain species
• designation of whale sanctuaries
• setting limits on numbers and sizes that can be taken
• protection of suckling mother and their calves
• carrying out research

Question 17

What can you say about the EU Common Fisheries Policy (CFP)?

Answer 17

The EU Common Fisheries Policy was intended to ensure sustainable exploitation of fish resources, but its inability to set appropriate quotas and prevent the killing of underside fish have caused it to fail.

Question 18

Explain some problems of captive breeding programmes

Answer 18

Some species do not breed in captivity. Individuals may be stimulated to come into breeding conditions in many factors. If the factor that stimulates a particular species to breed is not understood then it is obviously difficult to provide it.
A small gene pool in the captive population my cause inbreeding to occur. Using a ´stud book to keep records of family trees helps to ensure breeding occur between individuals that are as unrelated as possible.

Question 19

What are the problems with keeping species in captivity in a breeding and release programme?

Answer 19

Some species cannot be kept in captivity. Species such as blue whales are too large with a very specific habitat. It may be difficult to provide enough food or food in the right way, such as insects for bats, bamboo for giant pandas or for birds that catch insects in flight.
Keeping animals in zoos or plants in botanic gardens is expensive. There is not enough money available to keep populations of all endangered species in captivity
Some species have complicated species interactions : some plants have symbiotic mycorrhizal root fungi; large blue butterfly caterpillars spend the winter in the nests of a particular species of ant.

Question 20

Name factors that may stimulate breeding conditions of animals

Answer 20

Day length, light level, temperature, amount of food, amount of stored body fat, suitable site for courts ship display, having the same partner, having a new partner, open spaces.

Question 21

Give the definition of the term “inbreeding”

Answer 21

Inbreeding describes breeding between closely related individuals. Inbreeding increases the risk of recessive genes producing offspring with disadvantageous characteristics

Question 22

How an hybrid may be produce

Answer 22

Individuals may interbreed (hybridisme) with closely related species or varieties. The individuals of closely related species may be capable of breeding to produce fertile offspring but would never do so naturally because they are reproductively isolated. They may live in different areas or have different courtship displays. In captivity, this isolation may break down and interbreeding may occur to produce hybrids

Question 23

Problems with seed banks in captive breeding and release programs

Answer 23

• The viability of the seed declines with increasing periods of storage and so the gene pool would be reduced. It would be necessary to regularly germinate the seeds, cultivate the plants and so produce more seeds for storage. This would be expensive
• It is difficult to store large seeds or fruit such as coconuts
• it is difficult to preserved seeds and fruit with a higher water content such as coconut.

Question 24

Name methods of increasing the success of captive breeding

Answer 24

• Crypreservetion - egg, sperm and embryo storage
• Artificial insemination
• Embryo transfer
• micro- propagation of plants

Question 25

Explain cryopreservation method

Answer 25

Egg, sperm and embryos can be deep frozen by cryopreservation so they can be used for breeding programmes in the future. Deep frozen sperme can also be transported over long distances much more easily than the male animal itself. Stored sperm can also be used to produce offspring long after the parent has died.

Question 26

Explain the artificial insemination method

Answer 26

Breeding by artificial insemination without the 2 partners having to meet reduces the problems and risks of moving animals. Semen may be introduced into the uterus of the female when she has released eggs and can become pregnant, or the eggs may be removed from the female fertilized with sperm then returned to her uterus.

Question 27

Explain embryo transfer methods

Answer 27

The female is treated with hormone (FSH) to stimulate the release of several eggs, which are then fertilized by vitro fertilisation. These can be implanted into the uterus of a closely related species where many more females are available. This enables more young to be produced than could be achieved through normal breeding. It is also used in livestock breeding

Question 28

Explain the micro- propagation method

Answer 28

It's a tissue culture method where large numbers of plants can be produced from a tissue sample from an original plant, without the need for seeds. The young plants may be raised on agar under sterile conditions.

Question 29

Which problems may occur when the captive- bred animals are being released?

Answer 29

1. They may not recognize food species or poisonous foods 2. They may be poor hunters or not as good at escaping from predators. The larger predators, such as big cats would not have fully developed their hunting skills in captivity 3. They may have no immunity to local diseases 4. They may not be accepted by the indigenous population, this is a particular problem for species that have close social structure, such as apes and monkeys. If they are not accepted by their social group they cannot breed and are more likely to be killed by predators as they do not have the protection of living in a group 5. Specific behavioural patterns for survival in the wild may not have been learnt (ex. Courtship displays) 6. Other species may have colonisée and taken over their niche.

Question 30

What can be done as habitat conservation?

Answer 30

Protection of areas Land ownership Habitat management Habitat creation

Question 31

What can you say about protected areas?

Answer 31

Establishing a protected area makes it easier to prevent damaging influences within the area itself. Protected areas may be design in several ways, including by land ownership and designation

Question 32

What can you say about land ownership?

Answer 32

Owning an area allows the owner to manage it as they wish, as long as there are no management restrictions, for example if it is a designated area such as an SSSI. The priorities of the 2 organisations dedicated to wildlife conservation may not be the same if they aim to protect different species or habitats.

Question 33

What can you say about habitat management?

Answer 33

May be important to maintain the value of an area | May be used to increase suitability of a habitat or to restore a habitat

Question 34

Example of semi natural habitats

Answer 34

``` Most of important wildlife habitats in the UK are semi-natural and have been affected by long term human activities. Some examples are: -broadleaf woodland -broads -wetland -lowland heathland -hedgerows -chalk grassland -hay meadows -upland moorland -coasts and estuaries ```

Question 35

Wildlife conservation may involve maintaining traditional management practices, which is often a particular style of farming such as

Answer 35

- maintaining sheep grazing on chalk grassland - Maintaining the field boundary - Maintaining burning cycle up on moorland - maintaining grazing marshes in The Broads National Park

Question 36

Habitat features that can be provided to benefit particular species include:

Answer 36

- providing birds and bats nest boxes - stopping drainage to raise the water table in wetland habitat - planting hedges to act as biological corridors between woodlands - leaving uncultivated patches in arable fields for skylarks to nest - planting nectar pants for garden butterflies - delaying mowing until after wildflower seeds have dispersed