U1KA1

Question 1

What are somatic cells?

Answer 1

Any cells apart from the cells involved in reproduction.

Question 2

What do somatic cells do?

Answer 2

they form tissues in the body and can be specialised for specific functions.

Question 3

How do somatic cells divide?

Answer 3

by mitosis

Question 4

What are somatic cells essential for?

Answer 4

growth and repair of tissues

Question 5

What are germline cells

Answer 5

cells that form gametes (sperm and ova)

Question 6

How do germline cells divide

Answer 6

mitosis and meiosis.

Question 7

Germline stem cells can also divide by ______ to form haploid gametes.

Answer 7

meiosis

Question 8

What are the two division stages in meiosis?

Answer 8

1. homologous chromosomes are seperated
2. chromatids are pulled apart.

Question 9

What is cellular differentiation

Answer 9

the process by which a stem cell expresses certain genes to produce proteins characteristic for that type of cell.

Question 10

What does cellular differentiation allow a cell to carry out?

Answer 10

specialised functions.

Question 11

an example of cellular differentiation?

Answer 11

a cell in the heart muscle has the genes for insulin production switched off, but the genes for respiration enzymes switched on.

Question 12

What are the two types of stem cells?

Answer 12

embryonic and adult tissue stem cells.

Question 13

What can embryonic cells do?

Answer 13

differentiate into all the cell types that make up the individual.

Question 14

embryonic stem cells are ______.

Answer 14

pluripotent

Question 15

where are embryonic stem cells found?

Answer 15

very early embryo

Question 16

What can adult tissue stem cells do

Answer 16

differentiate into all types of cell found in a particular tissue, involve themselves in the growth, repair and renewal of the cells found in that tissue

Question 17

adult tissue stem cells are _______.

Answer 17

multipotent

Question 18

Example of adult tissue stem cells differentiating?

Answer 18

blood stem cells located in bone marrow can give rise to red blood cells, platelets, phagocytes and lymphocytes.

Question 19

What are the two uses of stem cells?

Answer 19

therapeutic and research uses.

Question 20

What does it mean when stem cells can be used therapeutically?

Answer 20

to repaid damaged or diseases tissues or organs.

Question 21

What are 2 examples of therapeutic use of stem cells?

Answer 21

skin graft and cornea transplant.

Question 22

How does a skin graft work and what is it used for?

Answer 22

its used to treat large areas of burned or damaged skin. To provide a skin graft that is identical to the patient’s DNA. Cells taken from undamaged area and grow new skin in lab. Then grafted onto the burned patient.

Question 23

How does a cornea transplant work and what is it used for?

Answer 23

used to treat the protective layer over the surface of the pupil and iris of eye. stem cells can be removed from healthy area and grow cornea in lab, then replacing it.

Question 24

How can stem cells be used for research?

Answer 24

Potential to treat most human diseases, studying them meaning humans gain a better understanding, can mimic diseases, also possible to test medical drugs.

Question 25

what are the ethical issues of using stem cells

Answer 25

embryonic stem cell research requires the destruction of an embryo. consider this as the destruction of a potential human life.

Question 26

How do cancer cells occur?

Answer 26

through mutations in specific genes of cells can cause excessive cell division.

Question 27

Why do cancer cells excessively divide?

Answer 27

because they do not respond to regulatory signals.

Question 28

what is the mass of rapidly dividing cells formed called?

Answer 28

a tumour