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Psychology > U2 AOS1 Perception > Flashcards

U2 AOS1 Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Define sensation

A

Our sense organs and receptors detect and respond to sensory information (stimuli)

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2
Q

What are the three stage of sensation

A

Reception
Transduction
Transmission

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3
Q

Stages Of Sensation

Reception

A

Detecting and responding to incoming sensory information within the receptive fields

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4
Q

Stages Of Sensation

Transduction

A

Transduction is the process that converts energy into chemical energy that can travel along the neurons as action potentials

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5
Q

Stages Of Sensation

Transmission

A

Sending the sensory information to the correct area of the brain via the thalamus
Once in the brain they can be received and processed - sensory information is sent to the correct area of the brain via the thalamus

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6
Q

Define perception

A

The process where we give meaning to sensory information.

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7
Q

What are the three stages of perception

A

Selection
Organisation
Interpretation

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8
Q

Stages of Perception

Selection

A

We select the stimuli in the environment important to us and pay attention to those

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9
Q

Stages of Perception

Organisation

A

Information is reorganised into a way the brain can make sense of it

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10
Q

Stages of Perception

Interpretation

A

Stimuli is given personal meaning according to the person’s values, past experience, etc

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11
Q

List the characteristics of Rods

A

Rods:

  • 125,000,000 in each eye
  • black and white vision
  • low light vision
  • low visual acuity
  • peripheral vision
  • most sensitive to light of approx. 500nm wavelength
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12
Q

List the characteristics of Cones

A

Cones:

  • middle of retina
  • vision of detail
  • colour vision
  • require high levels of light
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13
Q

What are the five basic tastes?

A
  • sweet
  • sour
  • salty
  • bitter
  • umami
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14
Q

Where are the more sensitive areas of taste on the tongue for the basic tastes

A 
bitter - back (towards throat)
salty - sides closer to back
sour - sides closer to front
sweet - front centre
umami - centre
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15
Q

What are Visual Perception Principles

A

‘rules’ that we apply to visual information to assist our organisation and interpretation of the information in meaningful and consistent ways.

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16
Q

What are the four categories that fall under the Visual Perception Principles

A
  • gestalt principles
  • depth cues
  • perceptual set
  • perceptual constancies
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17
Q

List the four Gestalt principles

A
  • figure ground organisation
  • closure
  • proximity
  • similarity
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18
Q

Gestalt Principles

Figure Ground Organisation

A

This is when there is a figure, the thing being focused on, and a ground, the things surroundings, are being separated by contour which is owned by the figure.

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19
Q

Gestalt Principles

Closure

A

When we perceive an object as being whole, despite it actually being incomplete.

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20
Q

Gestalt Principles

Proximity

A

When the individual parts of a stimulus pattern are close to each other.

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21
Q

Gestalt Principles

Similarity

A

When the individual parts of a stimulus pattern are similar ( in size, shape or colour)

22
Q

Describe Depth Perception

A

Depth Perception is the ability to accurately estimate the distance of objects and therefore perceive the world in three dimensions.

23
Q

Describe Depth Cues

A

Depth Cues are sources of information from the environment (external cues) and from within the body (internal cues) that help us to perceive how far objects are therefore to perceive depth.

  • binocular
  • monocular
24
Q

What are the binocular depth cues

A
  • convergence

- retinal disparity

25
Q

What are the monocular depth cues

A
  • accomodation

- pictorial cues

26
Q

What are the subcategories of pictorial cues

A
  • linear perspective
  • interposition
  • texture gradient
  • relative size
  • height in the visual field
27
Q

Binocular Depth Cues

Convergence

A

Convergence involves the brain detecting and interpreting depth or distance from tension in the eye muscles
When objects are close to our eyes, they draw inwards to focus

28
Q

Binocular Depth Cues

Retinal Disparity

A

Our retina receives two different visual images because each eye is 6-7 cm apart.
Depth is perceived as the two images are combined (fused together) and any disparity in the images gives information about depth
As you move further away from the object the differences in the two images cast on the retina decreases

29
Q

Monocular Depth Cues

Accomodation

A

The lens bulges for close images or flattens for far away images to accommodate the size of an object to fit onto the retina (accommodates)

30
Q

Monocular Depth Cues

Pictorial Cues

A

Used by artists to create depth and distance on two-dimensional objects

31
Q

Monocular Depth Cues
Pictorial Cues
Linear Perspective

A

Convergence of parallel lines as they disappear into the distance
Objects appear to ‘meet’ or vanish into the horizon

32
Q

Monocular Depth Cues
Pictorial Cues
Interposition

A

Aka ‘overlap’ one object partially blocks or covers another and the blocked object is perceived as further away

33
Q

Monocular Depth Cues
Pictorial Cues
Texture Gradient

A

The gradual diminishing of detail that occurs in surfaces as they recede into the distance.
Objects in which we can detect fine detail are perceived to be closer than objects that do not have fine detail.

34
Q

Monocular Depth Cues
Pictorial Cues
Relative Size

A

Refers to the tendency to visually perceive the object that produces the largest image on the retina as being closest.
Objects that produce smaller images are perceived to be farther away.

35
Q

Monocular Depth Cues
Pictorial Cues
Height In The Visual Field

A

Refers to the location of objects in the visual field with respect to their proximity to the horizon.
Objects are perceived as being further away as they move towards the horizon.

36
Q

Define Perceptual Set

A

The predisposition, or readiness, to perceive stimuli in accordance with expectations.

37
Q

What can perceptual set lead to

A

Enhance visual perception by correctly anticipating a stimulus hence interpreting it more quickly
Lead to misinterpretation of a stimulus by incorrect anticipation or expectation

38
Q

Perceptual set can be influenced by:

A
  • context
  • past experience
  • motivation
  • emotional state
  • cultural factors
39
Q

Perceptual set

Context

A

The setting in which the stimulus occurs.

40
Q

Perceptual Set

Past Experience

A

The personal experiences we have experienced throughout our lives.

41
Q

Perceptual Set

Motivation

A

Relates to activating behaviour that is directed towards achieving a particular goal.

42
Q

Perceptual Set

Emotional State

A

How we are feeling can influence the way in which we perceive visual information

43
Q

Describe Perceptual Constancies

A

This refers to the tendency to perceive a visual stimulus as unchanging, despite any changes that occur to the image cast on the retina.

44
Q

List the three aspects of visual constancy

A
  • size constancy
  • shape constancy
  • orientation constancy
45
Q

Describe Size Constancy

A

Understanding that an object remains the same size even though the size of the image cast on retina changes.

46
Q

Describe Shape Constancy

A

That even though a shape changes, the object remains the same.

47
Q

Describe Orientation Constancy

A

To visually perceive the true orientation of an object even though the retinal image may be on an angle.

48
Q

Describe Perceptual Distortion

A

A perceptual distortion involves an inconsistency, or ‘mismatch’, between a perceptual experience and physical reality.

49
Q

Define a visual illusion

A

A visual illusion is a misinterpretation of real sensory information

50
Q

What is Synaesthesia

A

Stimulation of one sense produces an unusual experience in another sense

Psychology (9 decks)

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