(U2) Biodiversity

Question 1

What is genetic diversity? (2)

Answer 1

• Difference in alleles
• in individuals within a population

Question 2

What is ecosystem diversity? (2)

Answer 2

• Difference in ecosystems
• within the same biosphere

Question 3

What is species diversity? (2)

How is it measured?

Answer 3

1.

• range of different species
• in an ecosystem

2. Simpson’s index (closer to 0 = more biodiverse)

Question 4

What is species richness?

Answer 4

The no. of different species in an ecosystem

Question 5

What biochemicals are present in all living organisms?

Answer 5

• proteins
• carbohydrates
• lipids
• nucleic acids

Question 6

What is the formula for Simpson’s index?

What do each represent?

Answer 6

1. D = Σn_i(n_i - 1) / N(N - 1)

• N = total percentage cover or number of organisms of all species
• n_i = percentage cover or number of organisms of a particular species

Question 7

In experiments, how do you count overlapping plants?

Answer 7

By percentage cover if they can’t be differentiated between,

if they can then just by counting

Question 8

What are the different kingdoms? (5)

Answer 8

• pokaryotae
• protoctista
• fungi
• plantae
• animalia

Question 9

What are the 3 domains?

what are the general features of each?

Answer 9

1. Archaea:

• no membrane bound organelles
• don’t have a peptidoglycan cell wall, have histones
• have different phospholipids to Bacteria and Eukarya

2. Bacteria:

• no membrane bound organelles
• have a peptidoglycan cell wall, no histones

3. Eukarya:

• membrane bound organelles
• some have a cellulose cell wall, others don’t

Question 10

What are the general features of members of kingdom Prokaryotae? (8)

Answer 10

• microscopic
• lack membrane bound organelles (including a nucleus)
• circular DNA that is not bound by histones
• 70S ribosomes
• generally peptidoglycan cell walls
• cell division by binary fission
• some feed by saprophytic digestion - different modes of nutrition
• only have microtubules in flagella; no centrioles

Question 11

What are the general features of members of kingdom Protoctista? (6)

Answer 11

• some are unicellular, others are multicellular but lack differentiation
• all are eukaryotic
• possess cellulose or non-cellulose cell walls, others have no cell wall
• motile
• reproduce by binary fission, multiple fission or budding
• autotrophic (generally if multicellular) or heterotrophic (generally if unicellular)

Question 12

What is nomenclature?

Answer 12

Scientific naming of organisms using the binomial system

Question 13

What is systematics / classification?

Answer 13

Placing organisms into groups based on their similarities and differences

Question 14

What is a species? (3)

Answer 14

• a group of organisms with similar morphological, biochemical or behavioural characteristics
• share a common ancestor
• and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

Question 15

What is a genus?

Answer 15

A group of closely related species

Question 16

What is a family?

Answer 16

A group of closely related genera

Question 17

What is an order?

Answer 17

A group of closely related families

Question 18

What is a class?

Answer 18

A group of closely related orders in a phylum

Question 19

What is a phylum?

Answer 19

A group of closely related classes

Question 20

What is a kingdom?

Answer 20

A group of closely related phyla

the largest group in the common taxonomic system (domain is bigger though)

Question 21

What measurable features are used to establish ancestral links between organisms? (3)

Answer 21

• morphology (exterior) and anatomy (interior)
• cell structure (i.e. eukaryotic or prokaryotic)
• biochemistry (i.e. comparing DNA, RNA and amino acids sequences in proteins)

Question 22

What are the general features of members of kingdom Plantae? (7)

Answer 22

• multicellular
• photoautotrophic feeding
• cellulose cell wall
• chloroplasts containing chlorophyll
• store carbohydrates as starch grains
• store lipids as oil droplets
• sexual and asexual reproduction

Question 23

What are the general features of members of kingdom Animalia? (8)

Answer 23

• multicellular
• heterotrophic
• no cell wall
• contain microtubules
• store carbohydrates as glycogen granules
• sexual or asexual reproduction
• capable of locomotion
• also membrane bound organelles etc

Question 24

What are the general features of members of kingdom Fungi? (6)

Answer 24

• multicellular other than yeast
• feed by saprophytic digestion
• multinucleated
• hyphae
• chitin cell wall
• reproduce by spore dispersal or budding

Question 25

What are the **differences** between **Archaea and Bacteria**? (**4**)

Answer 25

- some **archaea can produce methane**, bacteria can’t - **archaea** can **live in extreme environments** e.g. hot temperatures - **archaea** have **phospholipid** in their *cell membranes* - **archaea don’t have a peptidoglycan** cell wall

Question 26

What is a **habitat**?

Answer 26

Place where an organism lives

Question 27

What is **environment**? (**2**)

Answer 27

- conditions affecting organisms in a habitat - can be abiotic, biotic or edaphic

Question 28

What is a **population**?

Answer 28

All members in the *same species* in a **particular habitat** at a **given time**

Question 29

What is a **community**?

Answer 29

A *group of species* in the **same area** at the **same time**

Question 30

What is **biodiversity**?

Answer 30

A measure of the *number of plants and animal species* **in an area**

Question 31

What is **population density**? (**2**)

Answer 31

- The **number of individuals** present *in an area* - usually sampled using quadrats

Question 32

What is a: - herbivore - carnivore - omnivore?

Answer 32

- *herbivore*: organism that feeds on **primary producers / plants** - *carnivore*: organism that feeds on **consumers / animals** - *omnivore*: organism that feeds on **both**