U.2 K.A-7 Pathology Of Cardiovascular Disease

Question 1

Atherosclerosis is characterised by the formation of plaques, what are these called

Answer 1

Atheromas

Question 2

What are atheromas composed of

Answer 2

Fatty material like cholesterol and calcium

Question 3

What do the presence of atheromas do the size of the lumen in blood vessels

Answer 3

Reduces their diameter

Question 4

What do atheromas do to blood pressure

Answer 4

Increased blood pressure

Question 5

What do atheromas do to walls of arteries

Answer 5

They cause the loss of elasticity and causes them to become hardened

Question 6

What can the condition atherosclerosis lead to later in life

Answer 6

Cardiovascular diseases such as strokes and heart attacks

Question 7

What name is given to the blood vessels on the surface of the heart that provides the cardiac muscle with oxygenated blood

Answer 7

Coronary arteries

Question 8

If the coronary arteries get blocked it can sometimes cause a crushing pain in the centre of the chest, what is this condition called

Answer 8

Angina

Question 9

Angina is often the warning sign that you could suffer what event in the future

Answer 9

Heart attack

Question 10

In blood clotting, clotting factors are released whenever the cells suffer damage to try and prevent blood loss at a wound. Clotting factors cause the inactive enzyme prothrombin to turn into what

Answer 10

Active enzyme called thrombin

Question 11

The enzyme thrombin converts the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen into what

Answer 11

Insoluble fibrin

Question 12

What gathers at a framework of fibrin threads

Answer 12

Platelets forming a blood clot

Question 13

What name is given to the lining of the artery

Answer 13

Endothelium

Question 14

What do atheromas do to the lining of the artery (endothelium)

Answer 14

Burst through it and damages it

Question 15

What is the name of the blood clotting process

Answer 15

Thrombosis

Question 16

What is the other name for a blood clot formed in thrombosis

Answer 16

Thrombus

Question 17

The thrombus (blood clot) has a risk of breaking free and becoming loose, what is it known as now

Answer 17

Embolus

Question 18

If an embolus travels to the heart and blocks the artery in the heart, what can this result in

Answer 18

Heart attack

Question 19

If an embolus travels to the brain and blocks the brain argues, what can this result in

Answer 19

Stroke

Question 20

What name is given to the arteries other than the carotid artery, coronary artery and aorta

Answer 20

Peripheral arteries

Question 21

What can a blockage of the peripheral arteries by the atheromas from atherosclerosis lead to

Answer 21

Peripheral vascular disease

Question 22

What part of the body does peripheral vascular disease commonly affect

Answer 22

The leg muscles and pain is felt because they are starved of oxygen

Question 23

What name is given to the formation of a blood clot in a vein

Answer 23

Deep vein thrombosis

Question 24

If an embolus blocks a blood vessel in the lungs what can it causes

Answer 24

A pulmonary embolism

Question 25

What is cholesterol used to make in the body

Answer 25

The sex hormone and a component of cell membranes

Question 26

What is cholesterol synthesised from

Answer 26

Saturated fats

Question 27

Where is cholesterol made

Answer 27

In all cells but 25% of it is produced in the liver

Question 28

What are lipoprotein made from

Answer 28

Lipid and proteins

Question 29

Lipoprotein are found in the blood plasma but where are they made

Answer 29

Liver

Question 30

What is the job of lipoproteins

Answer 30

To transport cholesterol

Question 31

What are the two types of lipoprotein

Answer 31

Low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL)

Question 32

Which type of lipoprotein transports cholesterol form the liver towards the body cells

Answer 32

Low density lipoprotein LDL

Question 33

What receptors are made on the surface of cells in order to be able to take in cholesterol into the cells

Answer 33

LDL receptors

Question 34

When the LDL receptors bind with an LDL carrying cholesterol, they are able to deposit cholesterol in the cell. When the cell cannot take in any more, what happens to the receptors

Answer 34

New LDL receptors stop being made

Question 35

Where does the LDLs carrying cholesterol end up if they cannot enter a cell that is full up with cholesterol and doesn’t have any new LDL receptors on it

Answer 35

It gather in the blood stream and is taken up by endothelium of an artery

Question 36

What happens to the cholesterol that ends up in the endothelium

Answer 36

It causes the formation of atheromas

Question 37

What would increase the chances of a person depositing cholesterol in atheromas under the endometrium

Answer 37

If they eat a diet rich in saturated fats throughout their life

Question 38

What do HDL (high-density lipoprotein) do

Answer 38

Transport cholesterol from body cells to the liver for elimination

Question 39

Are HDLs carrying cholesterol taken into the endothelium to contribute to atheromas

Answer 39

No

Question 40

What two factors can result in a raised HDL level

Answer 40

Eating a diet in unsaturated fats and exercising

Question 41

Name the drug invoked in stopping the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver

Answer 41

Statins