U2 KA8 - Blood Glucose Levels And Obesity

Question 1

What can Chronic elevation of blood glucose levels lead to?

Answer 1

This can damage blood vessels and may lead to atherosclerosis, peripheral vascular disease, CVD or stroke

Question 2

What us the Role of Pancreatic Receptors

Answer 2

Pancreatic receptors are involved in negative feedback control of blood glucose through the action of the following hormones ​

*Insulin​
*Glucagon​
*Adrenaline​

Question 3

Describe what happens when there is a rise in blood glucose levels

Answer 3

After a meal, blood glucose concentration increases above its normal level. ​

This rise is detected by receptor cells in the pancreas​

In response to the rise, insulin is produced and travels to the liver where it is picked up by insulin receptors ​

This results in excess glucose being absorbed by liver cells and in an enzyme-controlled reaction…​

Glucose -> Glycogen ​

(increasing blood glucose levels)

Question 4

Describe what happens when there is a decline in blood glucose levels

Answer 4

After a period of fasting, blood glucose concentration decreases below its normal level.

This fall is detected by a different receptor cells in the pancreas​

In response to the fall, glucagon is produced and released into the blood and travels to the liver where it is picked up by glucagon receptors ​
In a different enzyme-controlled reaction…​

Glycogen  Glucose ​

(increasing blood glucose levels)

Question 5

Describe the relationship between insulin and glucagon

Answer 5

They work antagonistically

Question 6

Discuss the Type 1 Diabetes and its treatment

Answer 6

Type 1 diabetes usually occurs in childhood.

A person with type 1 diabetes is unable to
produce insulin and can be treated with regular doses of insulin.

Question 7

Discuss the Type 2 Diabetes and its treatment

Answer 7

Type 2 diabetes typically develops later in life.

The likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes
is increased by being overweight.

In type 2 diabetes, individuals produce insulin but their cells are less sensitive to it. This
insulin resistance is linked to a decrease in the number of insulin receptors in the liver,
leading to a failure to convert glucose to glycogen.

Question 8

What happens blood glucose levels after those with diabetes eat and what counteracts this?

Answer 8

In both types of diabetes, individual blood glucose concentrations will rise rapidly after a
meal. The kidneys will remove some of this glucose resulting in glucose appearing in urine.

Question 9

Describe the process of diagnosing Diabetes

Answer 9

1. After 8hrs of fasting a person blood glucose levels are measured ​
2. They then consume a known mass of glucose and have their blood glucose levels monitored over several hours. ​
3. This provides doctors with a glucose tolerance curve

Question 10

What are the treatments for diabetes?

Answer 10

• For type 1 diabetes​
  Regular injections of insulin and careful diet throughout their life (there is no ability to produce insulin)​
• For type 2 diabetes​
  People with type 2 diabetes can produce insulin however they have lost the sensitivity of the insulin receptors ​

With regular exercise, weight loss and diet control, this lack of sensitivity may be reversed. ​

​

Question 11

Obesity is a major risk factor for…

Answer 11

cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.

Question 12

What is Obesity

Answer 12

Obesity is characterised by excess body fat in relation to lean body tissue such as muscle.
Obesity may impair health.

Question 13

What is BMI

Answer 13

Body mass index (BMI) is commonly used to measure obesity but can wrongly classify
muscular individuals as obese e.g. Body builders

Question 14

BMI Equation

Answer 14

BMI = mass (kg) ÷ height² (m²)