U2AOS1 Perception

Question 1

Define attention

Answer 1

Actively focusing on particular info while simultaneously ignoring other information

Question 2

Internal stimuli

Answer 2

Information or sensations that originate from within the body

Question 3

External stimuli

Answer 3

Information or sensations that originate from outside the body

Question 4

What are the three types of attention?

Answer 4

Sustained
Divided
Selective

Question 5

Sustained attention

Answer 5

Refers to focusing on one stimuli or task across a PROLONGED, CONTINUOUS PERIOD OF TIME. Controlled cognitive processing with a high level of mental effort required.

Question 6

Example of sustained attention

Answer 6

Looking for a lost item in the house
Doom scrolling on TikTok
Watching a movie

Question 7

Selective attention

Answer 7

Exclusively focusing on a specific stimulus or task while ignoring all other stimuli or tasks

Question 8

Selective attention

Answer 8

Exclusively focusing on a specific stimulus or task while ignoring all other stimuli or tasks. Controlled cognitive processing with a lot of mental effort required

Question 9

Example of selective attention

Answer 9

Cocktail party effect

Question 10

Divided attention

Answer 10

Distributing one’s attention to allow for the processing of two or more stimuli at the same time. Automatic cognitive processing with little mental effort required

Question 11

Top down processing

Answer 11

We apply our prior knowledge and expectations to a situation, which changes how we perceive it. Make assumptions based on pre-existing schema

Question 12

Top-down of visual

Answer 12

Draw on experiences and expectation to shape our visual perceptions. Eg. filling in the part of an object you can’t see

Question 13

Top- down of gustatory

Answer 13

draw on past experiences and familiarities with how a good or drink tastes, smells and how it has reacted with our body in the past

Question 14

Bottom- up processing

Answer 14

Perceptions start with our senses picking up salient sensory information and processing to produce meaning

Question 15

Gustation

Answer 15

The sensory detection of food on the tongue

Question 16

Salient

Answer 16

Most noticeable or important

Question 17

Biological depth cues

Answer 17

The ability to see the world in 3d and to judge distance, helps to understand where things are in space

Question 18

Binocular depth cues

Answer 18

Require both eyes to send information to the brain to perceive depth.

Question 19

What are the two main binocular depth cues?

Answer 19

Convergence and retinal disparity

Question 20

Convergence

Answer 20

Inward turning of the eyes which is detected by the brain as tension changes around the eye. Closer the object= more tension

Question 21

Retinal disparity

Answer 21

Differences in the information being sent from each eye detected by the brain due to our eyes being 6-7cm apart. Greater disparity = object is close

Question 22

Monocular depth cues

Answer 22

Only require one eye to send information to the brain to perceive depth. Accomodation.

Question 23

Accomodation

Answer 23

The automatic focusing mechanism of the lens in the eye to adjust the shape of the lens in response to changing distance of view from the object. Cilliary muscles control the lens. Close= cilliary muscles bulge. Far= elongate.

Question 24

Psychological factors in visual perception

Answer 24

Shaped by perceptual set, visual perception principles and perceptual constancy. Learned mental processes in a highly personal manner.

Question 25

Perceptual set

Answer 25

Based on past experience, memory, motivation and context. Leads you to view things in a certain way

Question 26

Memory

Answer 26

Shaped by our experiences of the world, hells is understand how the world works and shapes our expectations of how the world should operate.

Question 27

Motivation

Answer 27

Individual desire that cause us to perceive certain stimuli that align with our goals as more salient

Question 28

Context

Answer 28

Situation or conditions in which something occurs.

Question 29

Perceptual constancy

Answer 29

Brains ability to perceive our visual world with consistency and without distortion even though it may look different

Question 30

Size constancy

Answer 30

Stimulus’s actual size does not change regardless of the image cast on to the retina. Car size stays the same as it travels along the road.

Question 31

Shape constancy

Answer 31

Shape remains the same despite it looking different. Eg. Book rotating.

Question 32

Orientation constancy

Answer 32

Actual orientation remains the same despite the view from a different angle. Eg. Watching tv lying down.

Question 33

Gestalt principles

Answer 33

Set of principles that explain how we interpret visual information by grouping seperate visual stimuli together to perceive a whole object.

Question 34

Figure ground

Answer 34

Part of the visual stimuli is more relevant (the figure) and standing out against less relevant surroundings (the ground). These are separated by the contour.

Question 35

Closure

Answer 35

Ability to close up, fill in or ignore gaps in a visual stimuli to create a meaningful whole.

Question 36

Similarity

Answer 36

We tend to group together stimuli that are alike in size, shape or colour

Question 37

Proximity

Answer 37

Perceive the parts of a visual stimulus that are close together, rather than spaced far apart, as belonging to a group

Question 38

Culture

Answer 38

Cultural norms are the social factor that affect our visual perception of the world

Question 39

Fallibility

Answer 39

Errors in perception due to the stimulus itself or how our brains interpret the information

Question 40

Visual illusions

Answer 40

A visual illusion occurs when our perception of the stimulus consistently differed from the objective reality

Question 41

Muller-lyer illusion

Answer 41

Misinterpretation of two lines of equal length, each with different shaped arrow ends. <—> >—<

Question 42

Gustatory

Answer 42

All bodily systems included in the perception of taste

Question 43

What biological factors affect gustation?

Answer 43

Age, genetics, illness and hormones

Question 44

Multisensorial process

Answer 44

Any process or experience that engages more than one sensory system

Question 45

Lifespan of a tastebud

Answer 45

10 days - 2 weeks

Question 46

How does age affect taste?

Answer 46

Early in life, regeneration occurs quickly but the process slows over time. By ooh age the taste buds do not regenerate fast enough to replace the old ones they lose.

Question 47

How do tastebuds regenerate?

Answer 47

New cells constantly form at the bottom of a taste bud to replace the old one

Question 48

How do genetics affect taste?

Answer 48

Number of taste buds we have changes how bitter or sweet a food tastes.

Question 49

Spread of taste bud amounts

Answer 49

50% - Average 25% - Fewer taste buds 25% - More taste buds

Question 50

How does illness affect taste?

Answer 50

A viral infection causes the sense of smell to be compromised causing taste loss. Sense of smell is responsible for around 80% of what we taste.

Question 51

Relationship between taste and smell

Answer 51

Connected by same airway and work together to create perception of flavour