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Year 11 Biology Unit 2 > U2T1 - Homeostasis > Flashcards

U2T1 - Homeostasis Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

Processes that keep a constant internal environment.

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2
Q

Name different factors affecting homeostasis (7)

A

Body Temp, Water concentration, ion balance, blood pH, blood pressure, Heart Rate, hypothalamus.

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3
Q

What do receptors do?

A

Detect changes in external or internal environment.

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4
Q

Where do you find Exteroreceptors?

A

Close to surface of body

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5
Q

T or F: All organisms have receptors?

A

True

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6
Q

T or F: All organisms have the same number of receptors?

A

False - different number and types based on the organism

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7
Q

What does baroreceptors detect?

A

Pressure in blood vessels

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8
Q

What does proprioreceptor detect?

A

Movement in muscles

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9
Q

What does chemoreceptor detect?

A

Changes in blood concentrations e.g. O2, CO2

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10
Q

T or F: Chemoreceptor detects change in blood pressure?

A

False, baroreceptors detect change in blood pressure

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11
Q

What does thermoreceptor detect?

A

Change in temperature

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12
Q

What does electroreceptor detect?

A

change in electric current

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13
Q

T or F: Electroreceptors are more prominent in aquatic organisms

A

true

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14
Q

What does photoreceptor detect?

A

Change in light

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15
Q

What does Nocireceptor detect?

A

damage/pain stimuli

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16
Q

T or F: Homeostasis is achieved through feedback loops

A

True

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17
Q

T or F: Receptors change stimuli

A

False - Receptors detect stimuli

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18
Q

Name the 5 components for the control/reaction system.

A

Stimuli, Receptor, Input, Output, Response/effectors

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19
Q

What are the 2 main Effectors?

A

Muscles and Glands

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20
Q

How do muscles react to stimuli?

A

Contract base on stimuli

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21
Q

How do glands react to stimuli?

A

Produce hormones

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22
Q

T or F: Glands contract to react to stimuli

A

False - Glands produce hormones based on stimuli

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23
Q

What are the main differences between Positive and Negative feedback loops?

A

Negative Positive
Inhibitory Stimulatory
Counter Enhance
Homeostatic Rare

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24
Q

T or F: Positive Feedback loops inhibit stimuli

A

False - Positive Feedback Loops enhance stimuli.

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25
What is an example of Positive Feedback Loops?
Childbirth - hormones cause contractions which cause more hormones which ...
26
Name the 2 different Neural Systems
Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
27
What makes the CNS?
Brain and Spinal Cord
28
What is the role of the CNS?
Relay messages and process information
29
What makes up the PNS?
Nerves and Receptors
30
What is the role of the PNS?
Detect stimuli and activate effectors.
31
T or F: Motor Neurons handle input into the CNS
False - Motor neurons handle the output for the CNS
32
What do sensory neurons do?
Receive input from the receptors.
33
T or F: Information from receptors to CNS is called afferent
True
34
T or F: Motor neurons go from the CNS to effectors
True
35
Which way is information travelling if it is efferent?
From CNS to effectors.
36
What are the 2 types of motor neurons?
Somatic and Automatic
37
What do Somatic neurons control?
Skeletal Muscle
38
What does ANS stand for (Neurons)
Automatic Nervous System
39
What does the ANS do?
regulates involuntary movement
40
How does the ANS trigger involuntary movement?
Smooth Muscle
41
What are the 2 divisions ANS is broken up into?
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic
42
What does the Parasympathetic system do?
Handle involuntary functions in times of rest/low energy, e.g. heart rate
43
T or F: The Sympathetic system handles heart rate
False
44
What is the sympathetic nervous system also known as?
Flight or fight
45
What are neurons?
Specialised cells in the nervous system
46
Name the 3 types of neurons
Motor, Sensory, Interneurons
47
T or F: Motor neurons have their nucleus at the end?
True
48
T or F: Sensory neurons have their nucleus perpendicular from the myelin sheath.
True
49
T or F: Interneurons have their nucleus at the end of the myelin sheath.
False - interneurons nucleus at in the middle of 2 dendrites
50
Which types of neurons have dendrites?
all of them
51
What does the myelin sheath do?
Protect the electrical current in the neuron
52
What do the terminals do for neurons?
Pass on the electrical current/pulse
53
T or F: Axons are a pathway for nerve impulses?
True
54
What do dendrites do?
Receive electrical impulses from other neurons.
55
What do the Nodes of Ramderm do?
They are the gaps in the axon.
56
What is the Basal Metabolic Rate?
Number of calories needed to keep body functioning at low energy/rest
57
Define metabolism
Any chemical reaction in the body
58
What are the 2 types of reactions in the body?
Catabolic, anabolic
59
T or F: Anabolic reactions break down matter
False - Anabolic reactions build matter
60
What do catabolic reactions do?
Break down matter
61
What are the 3 stages of catabolism?
Digestion, energy released, energy storage
62
What process does catabolism share stages with?
Cellular respiration
63
What does digestion do in catabolism?
Breaks down complex molecules into monomers
64
How does catabolism release energy?
Breaking down and moving monomers into cells - active transport.
65
What byproduct is created during anabolism?
Water
66
T or F: Anabolism creates energy
False - anabolism uses energy to bond monomers.
67
What is the difference between optimum range and tolerance range
Optimum range is when the body functions perfectly, tolerance range is when the body can survive.
68
What does the Endocrine system control.
Hormone/chemicals
69
T or F: Endocrine system works with Nervous system
True
70
What secretes/makes hormones?
Glands and organs
71
What is a hormone?
A signaling molecule
72
How do hormones work
They act with receptors in target cells.
73
What system/s transport hormones?
Circulatory and lymphatic
74
What are the 3 classes of hormones?
Lipid, protein, amino acid
75
What does the hypothalamus do?
Triggers hormone production from neural impulses and detects internal changes
76
How does the hypothalamus trigger hormone production?
Releases hormone to stimulate pituitary gland.
77
What does the pituitary gland do?
Signal all other glands
78
What does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland do?
Transfers hormones from the hypothalamus into the body.
79
T or F: The Anterior Lobe receives hormones from the hypothalamus.
False - receives electrical impulses and sends hormones through the endocrine system.
80
Define cell sensitivity
The number of hormone receptors in a cell.
81
What is the difference in upregulation and downregulation with receptors?
Upregulation increases concentration of receptors, while downregulation decreases receptors.
82
What is thermoregulation?
Regulation of internal body temperature
83
How does thermoregulation work?
Alters metabolic activity or behavior to increase/decrease body temperature.
84
T or F: Ectotherms generate heat internally
False - Ectotherms rely on external heat sources
85
How do Endotherms regulate body heat?
Generate heat metabolically
86
T or F: Endotherms use negative feedback loops to regulate body heat
True
87
What detects external changes in temperature?
Thermoreceptors
88
What detects internal changes in temperature?
Hypothalamus
89
How does the body handle internal changes in temperature?
Dilate/contraction of blood vessels
90
Name the 4 types of heat loss
Conduction, Convection, Radiation, Evaporation
91
What is the most used type of heat loss in the human body?
Radiation
92
What are the 4 structural features for thermoregulation?
Body insulation, vascular body parts, brown fat, higher mitochondria cells
93
How does body insulation affect thermoregulation?
Thick layers of skin/hair/blubber increases SA:V ratio to conserve heat
94
How do vascular body parts affect thermoregulation?
Bring blood close to surface to efficiently release heat
95
T or F: Higher mitochondria count decreases body temperature.
False - higher mitochondria increases metabolism therefore increasing body temperature
96
T or F: Brown fat has a high mitochondria concentration.
True
97
T or F: Brown fat is present in animals who experience hibernation
True
98
What are the 3 types of behavioral features affect thermoregulation?
Kleptothermy (huddling), Torpor (hibernation), adaptations.
99
What is kleptothermy?
Sharing body heat, e.g. cuddling
100
What is torpor?
lowering metabolic rate, e.g. hibernation
101
Name some behavioral adaptations for thermoregulation.
Shelter, panting, drinking water
102
Define osmoregulation
The regulation of water and solute concentrations
103
What are osmoregulators?
Organisms that maintain body fluid concentrations
104
T or F: Osmoconformers change body fluid concentrations base on environment
True
105
T or F: Kidneys are unimportant in osmoregulation
False - Kidneys regulate the reabsorption of water
106
What does the antidiuretic hormone do?
Increases permeability of the nephron.

Year 11 Biology Unit 2 (2 decks)

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