U3 AOS1

Question 1

Amino Acid

Answer 1

Monomers that make up proteins. Connected by peptide bonds.
Consist of
- carboxyl group
- amino group
- variable R group

Question 2

Translation

Answer 2

make proteins at ribosomes using instructions on mRNA
Steps:
- mRNA to the ribosome
- tRNA brings amino acid, and attaches to mRNA with anti-codon
- each new amino acid bonds to each other (peptide bond)
- mRNA goes all the way through, stop codon, new polypeptide disconnects and starts folding

Question 3

Protein

Answer 3

organic compound consisting of amino acid chains connected by peptide bonds

Question 4

polymerase

Answer 4

an enzyme that catalyses the formation of nucleic acids
- DNA polymerase
- RNA polymerase

Question 5

Vector

Answer 5

a tool to put something into something else, e.g. a plasmid

Question 6

Transformed bacteria

Answer 6

bacteria that have a plasmid inserted into it, the plasmid can be used to insert genes into bacteria.

Question 7

Plasmid

Answer 7

circular piece of DNA found in a prokaryote and can contain genes.
- Bacteria exchange them through horizontal gene transfer

Question 8

Endonucleases

Answer 8

Restriction enzymes— cut DNA at very specific points (restriction sites)
- sticky end, have an overhanging sequence
- blunt end

Question 9

DNA Ladder

Answer 9

predetermined DNA sample to use as a reference to compare the samples in gel electrophoresis against

Question 10

Gel Electrophoresis

Answer 10

A method for separating molecules based on size/charge/weight
mostly but not solely used on DNA

Question 11

Steps of PCR

Answer 11

1. Denaturation (95º) hydrogen bonds are broked due to heat. DNA is now single stranded
2. Annealing (50-60º) primers bind to single stranded DNA (polymerase won’t bind to only 1 strand)
3. Extention (72º, optimal taq polymerase temperature) maks a copy of the DNA starting from the primers. 5’ to 3’ direction.

Question 12

What is PCR

Answer 12

Polymerase Chain Reaction. A process for replicating a section of DNA many times (DNA amplification)

Question 13

Recombinant plasmid

Answer 13

a plasmid with DNA artificially inserted into it. put into bacteria either by heat shocking or electrocuting the bacteria.

Question 14

Cas9

Answer 14

the endonuclease. Part of RNA from CRISPR ‘guide RNA’, in nature there are two parts to the guide RNA, artificially a single unit sgRNA is used.
- protospacer is the part that will match to the target, approx. 20bp.
- matches to sequence next to PAM (protospacer adjascent motif)
- cuts DNA blunt end

Question 15

CRISPR

Answer 15

Cluster of Reglularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats.
- a part off the circular chromosome in prokaryotes that has collected pieces of viral DNA

Question 16

CRISPR- Cas9

Answer 16

An endonuclease where the restriction site can be modified, and is escpecially long, approx. 20bp

Question 17

DNA profiling

Answer 17

examins short tandem repeats (STR), regions of nosn- coding DNA between genes, they are highly variable so if many are analysed it is unlikely they will be the same between people.

Question 18

GMO vs. Transgenic

Answer 18

GMO— organism with modified DNA
Transgenic— organism with DNA from a different species in it.

Question 19

Reporter Genes

Answer 19

Artificially inserted into plasmids to easily see if they have been uptaken by bacteria.
at least 2 are necessary
1. to see if plasmid has been uptaken by bacteria
2. to break with new DNA inserted into plasmid

Question 20

Ligase

Answer 20

catalyses phosphodiester bonds, sticks them back together.

Question 21

non- malegicence

Answer 21

avoid causation of harm

Question 22

beneficence

Answer 22

commitment to maximising benifits and minimising risks and harms

Question 23

justice

Answer 23

moral obligation towards fairness for all groups. A fair distribution of benefits and lack of unfair burden

Question 24

Integrity

Answer 24

honesty in reporting and communication of results in ways that permit scrutiny

Question 25

virtues based approach

Answer 25

person rather than action-based. morality of character. What would a good person do?

Question 26

Duty-/rules-based approach

Answer 26

concerned with the means, how people act, regardless of consequence. - certain ethical rules must be followed. e.g. law, religious teachings

Question 27

consequence-based approach

Answer 27

central importance on minimisation of harm and maximising positive outcomes. - if consequences of an action: good>bad then it is ethical

Question 28

respect

Answer 28

value living things, respect; liberty, welfare, beliefs/heritige. of both the individual and the collective

Question 28

secondary structure

Answer 28

folding of amino acid chain, held together with hydrogen bonds. Types: - Alpha helix - beta pleated sheet - random coil

Question 29

tRNA

Answer 29

transport RNA. Transfers amino acids to ribosomes for making proteins. has 3 bases (anti-codon) that is complementary to mRNA codons.

Question 30

denaturing

Answer 30

break hydrogen bonds, etc. Breaks protein shape and therefore its function. Because: - temperature - pH - cofactors

Question 31

Triplets/codons

Answer 31

3 bases code for 1 amino acid. it is degenerate because multiple codons code for the same amino acid sequence, this leads to redundancy.

Question 32

Primary structure

Answer 32

linear sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds (with the carboxyl and amino groups) Codon: bits of DNA that code for an amino acid.

Question 33

peptide bond

Answer 33

made by condensation polymerisation reactions. carboxyl and amino groups leading to a peptide bond and water

Question 34

gene expression

Answer 34

start with a gene, end with a protein. The formation of proteins using the instructions from a gene 1. transcription—nucleus 2. RNA processing— nucleus 3. translation —cytosol

Question 35

rRNA

Answer 35

ribosomal RNA. makes up the structure of ribosomes

Question 36

RNA processing

Answer 36

mRNA altered by the spliceosome which cuts out introns and then reconnects exons in various orders (alternative splicing) and adds a metholated cap (5') and poly-a tail (3'). This makes the mRNA stable and mature.

Question 37

Transcription

Answer 37

production of mRNA - RNA polymerase binds to the DNA at the promoter region - the polymerase then moves along the template strand in the 5' to 3' direction - this process creates a complementary strand of mRNA

Question 38

mRNA

Answer 38

messanger RNA, takes the information from the DNA to the ribosomes, it is made by RNA polymerase

Question 39

nitrogenous bases

Answer 39

Pyrimidines (single ringed) - cytosine - thymine/uracil Purines (oule ringed) - Guanine -Adenine. C,G has 3 hydrogen bonds A, T/U has 2 hydrogen bonds

Question 40

secretory pathway

Answer 40

-proteins synthesised by ribosomes on r.e.r. - moves through r.e.r. -mdified often by addition of carbohydrates - goes into a vesicle, moves to cis face of the golgi - in golgi further modified - exocytosis

Question 41

nucleic acids

Answer 41

monomers that make up RNA/DNA joined by phosphodiester bonds. Components - Phosphate group - nitrogenous base - and deoxy/ribose sugar

Question 42

proteome

Answer 42

complete set of proteins in an organism

Question 43

quaternary structure

Answer 43

multiple polypeptides ( and or prosthetic groups) that form 1 protein. This is not present in all proteins

Question 44

tertiary structure

Answer 44

3D structure formed by R group interactions. The function is formed by structure