u3 aos2 - learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

the biological, cognitive and social processes through which an individual makes meaning from their experiences, resulting in long-lasting (relatively permanent) changes in their nervous system, behaviour, abilities and knowledge

Question 2

behaviourist approaches to learning

Answer 2

theories that propose learning occurs by interacting with the external environment and focuses on behaviours that can be directly observed and recorded.

Question 3

classical conditioning

Answer 3

a process of learning through the involuntary repeated association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response.

Question 4

operant conditioning

Answer 4

a three-phase voluntary learning process that involves an antecedent, a behaviour and a consequence, where the consequence of a behaviour determines the likelihood that it will reoccur.

Question 5

social cognitive approaches to learning

Answer 5

involve theories that propose learning takes place in a social setting and involves various cognitive processes.

Question 6

observational learning

Answer 6

a process of learning that involves watching the behaviour of a model and the associated consequence of that behaviour

Question 7

1. Attention

Answer 7

learner actively focusses model perform behaviour

Question 8

2. Retention

Answer 8

learner stores a mental representation of behaviour in memory

Question 9

3. Reproduction

Answer 9

learner has the mental and physical ability to perform the behaviour

Question 10

4. Motivation

Answer 10

learner has the desire to imitate the behaviour

Question 11

5. Reinforcement

Answer 11

the learner receives reinforcement. This means that the learner will repeat the behaviour again when motivated to do so.

Question 12

memory

Answer 12

the process of encoding, storing and retrieving information that has been previously encountered.

Question 13

the atkinson-shiffrin multistore model of memory

Answer 13

a model of memory that outlines the three separate stores of memory, each of which interacts through the process of encoding, storage and retrieval.

Question 14

sensory memory

Answer 14

the entry point for memory that briefly stores raw information detected by the senses, it has an unlimited capacity but a duration of only 0.2 to 0.4 seconds.

Question 15

short term memory STM

Answer 15

a store of memory that holds a limited amount of information that is consciously being attended to and actively manipulated

Question 16

chunking

Answer 16

grouping smaller chunks of information into larger chunks in order to hold more information in STM.

Question 17

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 17

repeating new information over and over again to keep the information in STM for as long as possible.

Question 18

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 18

meaningfully linking new information to information already stored in your LTM

Question 19

long term memory LTM

Answer 19

a store of memory in which a potentially unlimited amount of information is stored for a relatively permanent amount of time

Question 20

explicit memory

Answer 20

• explicit memory: a type of LTM that is consciously retrieved and brought into conscious awareness.

o semantic memory: a type of explicit memory that consists of general knowledge or facts.

o episodic memory: type of explicit memory that consists of personal experiences or events

Question 21

implicit memory

Answer 21

a type of LTM that is unconsciously retrieved.

o procedural memory: a type of implicit memory that involves knowing how to carry out tasks that are facilitated by motor skills.

o classically conditioned memory: a type of implicit memory involving an involuntary response to a stimulus that has been associated with an emotionally arousing stimulus.

Question 22

hippocampus

Answer 22

involved in encoding explicit memories

Question 23

amygdala

Answer 23

involved in encoding the emotional components of classically conditioned and explicit memory.

Question 24

neocortex

Answer 24

involved in storing explicit memories.

Question 25

basal ganglia

Answer 25

involved in encoding and storing procedural memories and classically conditioned memories that are associated with unconscious habits, behaviours, or procedures.

Question 26

cerebellum

Answer 26

involved in encoding and storing implicit procedural memories.

Question 27

possible imagined futures

Answer 27

hypothetical experiences and situations that an individual has the ability to create and conceptualise in their mind.

Question 28

alzheimer’s disease

Answer 28

a neurodegenerative disease, meaning a progressive loss of neurons in the brain, that is characterised by memory decline.

Question 29

amyloid plaques

Answer 29

fragments of protein beta-amyloid that accumulate into insoluble plaques that inhibit communication between neurons.

Question 30

neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 30

accumulation of protein tau that forms insoluble tangles within neurons, inhibiting the transportation of essential substances which in turn eventually kills the neuron entirely.

Question 31

Aphantasia

Answer 31

phenomenon in which individuals lack the capacity to generate mental imagery, which refers to the visual representations and experiences of sensory information without the presence of sensory stimuli.

Question 32

written traditions

Answer 32

are practices in which knowledge, stories and customs are preserved and shared primarily through writing and reading.

Question 33

mnemonics

Answer 33

devices and techniques to aid in the encoding, storage and retrieval of information and have been used for centuries to help retain information and preserve knowledge.

Question 34

acronym

Answer 34

mnemonic device in which the first letters of items form a pronounceable word to aid memory, particularly the encoding and storing of memory as they link information to words or surroundings we already know, and the first letter of the word acts as a retrieval cue to help bring the targeted information into STM for use.

Question 35

acrostic

Answer 35

mnemonic device in which the first letters of items create a phrase, rhyme, or poem to aid memory and may be particularly helpful when needing to remember things in a certain order. they link new information to familiar phrases or sentences we already know, which helps encode and store information and the first letter of the word acts as a retrieval cue to help bring the targeted information into STM for use.

Question 36

method of loci

Answer 36

mnemonic device that converts items into mental images and associates them with specific locations to aid memory. it assists in the encoding and storage of memories by visually linking something new to familiar places or routes and is particularly useful when needing to remember information in a certain order.

Question 37

oral traditions

Answer 37

practices in which knowledge, stories and customs are preserved and shared through spoken word and movement. they are a great part of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures and are an effective way to preserve and celebrate any community’s knowledge systems, stories, and customs.

Question 38

sung narratives

Answer 38

stories that share important cultural, ecological and survival information through the use of singing, harmony, and rhythm

Question 39

songlines

Answer 39

multimodal performances conducted as a family or community travels through the country and spaces in the landscape that record journeys, link important sites, and describe ways to live, care for, and nurture the country.