Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > U3 AOS2 Wesley > Flashcards

U3 AOS2 Wesley Flashcards

(66 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are biochemical reactions?

A

Reactions occurring in cells that lead to the formation of a product from a reactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define biochemical pathways.

A

A series of linked biochemical reactions that convert an initial reactant to a final product in a stepwise fashion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The total of all chemical reactions occurring in an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What role do catalysts play in biochemical pathways?

A

They are enzymes that control each step of the reactions and are not used up during the reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A protein that acts as a biological catalyst, speeding up reactions without being consumed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the difference between anabolic and catabolic pathways?

A
  • Anabolic pathways assemble simple molecules into complex molecules (endergonic reaction)
  • Catabolic pathways break down complex molecules into simpler ones (exergonic reaction)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of enzymes in biochemical pathways?

A

To act as catalysts that speed up the rate of reaction by lowering activation energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the lock and key model?

A

A model where the active site of an enzyme is the proper shape for the substrate without needing to change shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the induced fit model?

A

A model where the active site changes shape to fit the substrate, resulting in a conformational change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are cofactors?

A

Non-protein molecules or ions essential for the normal functioning of some enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Differentiate between inorganic and organic cofactors.

A
  • Inorganic cofactors: Do not contain carbon (e.g., metal ions)
  • Organic cofactors: Small non-protein organic molecules essential for enzyme function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the role of coenzymes?

A

To act as helper compounds that increase the rate of reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is feedback inhibition?

A

A process where the end product acts as an inhibitor of the key enzyme in a pathway to prevent overproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens to enzyme activity at optimum temperature?

A

The reaction rate increases due to faster molecular movement until the enzyme begins to denature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is competitive inhibition?

A

Inhibition where an inhibitor binds to the active site, preventing substrates from binding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define non-competitive inhibition.

A

Inhibition where the inhibitor binds to an allosteric site, causing a conformational change in the enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is irreversible inhibition?

A

Inhibition that occurs when a molecule forms a strong covalent bond with an enzyme, permanently blocking the substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process by which plants use sunlight to build carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Cell organelles where photosynthesis occurs, containing thylakoids and stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis?

A

A stage that captures sunlight and transforms it into chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the Calvin cycle?

A

The light-independent reaction where carbon dioxide is fixed into organic molecules like glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What characterizes C3 plants?

A

They are the majority of terrestrial plants, using Rubisco for carbon fixation and thriving in cool, moist conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What distinguishes C4 plants?

A

They thrive in warm regions, fix carbon into a four-carbon organic acid, and have specialized leaf anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is CAM in plants?
Crassulacean acid metabolism, where carbon fixation occurs at night and glucose production occurs during the day
26
What is photorespiration?
A process where plants take up oxygen instead of carbon dioxide in light, decreasing photosynthesis efficiency
27
Where does carbon fixation take place in C4 plants?
Mesophyll cells ## Footnote Carbon fixation occurs in mesophyll cells and glucose production occurs in bundle sheath cells.
28
What type of plants thrive in hot and arid environments exposed to drought?
CAM plants ## Footnote CAM stands for crassulacean acid metabolism.
29
When does carbon fixation occur in CAM plants?
At night ## Footnote Glucose production occurs during the day.
30
What is photorespiration?
A process in which plants take up oxygen rather than carbon dioxide in the light ## Footnote This results in less efficient photosynthesis.
31
What enzyme can bind to oxygen instead of carbon dioxide, leading to photorespiration?
Rubisco ## Footnote Rubisco can bind to oxygen, resulting in a product that cannot be used to make sugars.
32
What happens to the rate of photorespiration as temperature increases?
It increases faster than the rate of photosynthesis ## Footnote This is due to Rubisco's decreased ability to distinguish between CO2 and O2.
33
What occurs in plants during dry conditions that affects photosynthesis?
Stomata close, blocking CO2 entry ## Footnote This creates high oxygen concentration and low carbon dioxide concentration.
34
What is the role of PEP carboxylase in C4 plants?
Catalyzes the binding of carbon dioxide to an acceptor molecule (PEP) ## Footnote Rubisco is not used in this stage.
35
What is the light saturation point in photosynthesis?
The point where increasing light intensity no longer increases the rate of photosynthesis ## Footnote It is marked by the flattening of the graph.
36
What effect does water availability have on photosynthesis?
Too little or too much water slows or stops photosynthesis ## Footnote Water is vital in the light-dependent stage.
37
What is glycolysis?
The first stage of cellular respiration where glucose is broken down into pyruvate ## Footnote It occurs in the cytosol and does not require oxygen.
38
Where does the Krebs cycle occur?
In the mitochondrial matrix ## Footnote It is the second stage of cellular respiration.
39
What is the primary output of the Krebs cycle?
NADH and FADH2 ## Footnote Only two ATP molecules are produced in this cycle.
40
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
Oxygen ## Footnote It accepts electrons and hydrogen ions, forming water.
41
What is the ATP yield in eukaryotes due to the energy cost of NADH?
36 ATP ## Footnote In prokaryotes, the yield is 38 ATP.
42
What does anaerobic fermentation produce?
Net of 2 ATP molecules ## Footnote It occurs in the absence of oxygen.
43
What is lactic acid fermentation?
A process that produces 2 ATP and lactic acid without oxygen ## Footnote It occurs in human muscles during oxygen deficit.
44
What are the inputs for anaerobic fermentation in animals?
Glucose, 2 x NAD+, 2 x ADP + Pi ## Footnote Outputs include lactic acid, 2 x NAD+, and 2 x ATP.
45
What is biomass?
The organic material from plants and animals, a renewable energy source ## Footnote Contains stored energy from photosynthesis.
46
What is the primary application of anaerobic fermentation?
Converts biomass to biogas in the absence of oxygen ## Footnote Biogas is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide.
47
How does temperature affect the rate of cellular respiration?
Low temperatures decrease the rate, while higher temperatures increase it until optimum is reached ## Footnote Beyond the optimum, heat denaturation occurs.
48
What happens to the rate of cellular respiration as glucose concentration increases?
It increases until it levels off due to limiting factors ## Footnote Initially, there are plenty of available active sites.
49
What is the role of CRISPR-Cas9 in improving photosynthetic efficiency?
It modifies genomic sequences to improve traits under abiotic and biotic stresses ## Footnote Knocking out undesirable genes is a common application.
50
What effect does CRISPR-Cas9 have on Rubisco?
Reduces its ability to undergo photorespiration ## Footnote This can improve photosynthetic pathway efficiency.
51
What is the aim of improving crop yields using CRISPR technology?
To protect and secure crop yields for a growing population ## Footnote It involves targeting genes that impact yield.
52
What is the process of anaerobic fermentation in yeasts?
Produces ATP, ethanol, and CO2 without oxygen ## Footnote It occurs in species of yeast like baker’s and brewer’s yeast.
53
What is the process of removing water from biomass called?
Purification and dehydration
54
What types of wooden products contribute significantly to biomass?
Logs, chips, bark, and sawdust
55
How do paper mills and sawmills utilize their waste products?
To generate steam and electricity
56
What is the purpose of waste-to-energy plants?
To burn garbage and convert household waste into usable energy
57
True or False: Waste-to-energy plants generate less energy than coal plants.
False
58
What is produced as a byproduct of fermentation by bacteria in landfills?
Methane
59
What can landfill facilities do with the methane gas produced?
Collect, purify, and use it as fuel
60
Ethanol is manufactured from fermented _______.
Sugars (starches and glucose)
61
What is biodiesel made from?
Fermentation of fatty acids in animals and oils from plants
62
What is a critical consideration regarding food and biofuel production?
Balance between production of biofuels and food availability
63
What type of plant materials are recommended for biofuel production?
Waste products from plants such as corn leaves, stalks, and cobs
64
What is a major drawback of biofuel production?
Energy efficiency is low
65
Why is the process of creating biofuels considered inefficient?
The energy required to produce and collect raw materials is greater than the energy produced
66
What is one of the major land requirements for biofuels?
Lots of land is needed to grow the necessary crops

Biology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions