U3 OC1

Question 1

Physical dimension of health

Answer 1

Relates to the efficient functioning of the body and its systems, and includes the physical capacity to perform tasks and physical fitness.

Question 2

Social dimensions of health

Answer 2

Being able to interact with others and participate in the community in both an independent and cooperative way.

Question 3

Mental dimensions of health

Answer 3

‘State of well-being in which the individual realises his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.’ (WHO, 2009)

Question 4

Health status

Answer 4

An individual’s or a population’s overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors.’ (AIHW, 2008)

Question 5

Burden of disease

Answer 5

A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries.
Specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. Burden of disease is measured in a unit called the Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY).

Question 6

Health Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)

Answer 6

A measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth, but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health. It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rates of ill health and mortality.

Question 7

Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY)

Answer 7

A measure of burden of disease, one DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury.

Question 8

Life expectancy

Answer 8

‘An indication of how long a person can expect live, it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change.’ (AIHW, 2008)

Question 9

Under-five mortality rate

Answer 9

‘The number of deaths of children under five years of age per 1000 live births.’ (WHO, 2008)

Question 10

Morbidity

Answer 10

‘Refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group.’ (AIHW, 2008)

Question 11

Mortality

Answer 11

Refers to the number of deaths caused by disease, illness or other environmental factor

Question 12

Maternal Mortality rate

Answer 12

the number of females who die whilst pregnant/soon after birth per 100,000 live births

Question 13

Incidence

Answer 13

the number or proportion of new cases of disease, illness or injury

Question 14

Prevalence

Answer 14

‘The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.’

Question 15

Physical environment determinants

Answer 15

The physical surroundings in which we live, work and play. The physical environment includes water and air, workplaces, housing, roads, nature, schools, recreation settings and exposure to hazards.

Question 16

Biological determinants

Answer 16

Factors relating to the body that impact on health, such as genetics, hormones, body weight, blood pressure ,cholesterol levels

Question 17

Behavioural determinants

Answer 17

Actions or patterns of living of an individual or a group that impact on health, such as smoking, sexual activity, participation in physical activity, eating practices.

Question 18

Social determinants

Answer 18

Aspects of society and the social environment that impact on health, such as poverty, early life experiences, social networks and support.

Question 19

Determinants of health

Answer 19

‘Factors that raise or lower a level of health in a population or individual. Determinants of health help to explain or predict trends in health and why some groups have better or worse health than others.’ (AIHW, 2006). Determinants can be classified in many ways such as biological, behavioural, physical environment and social.

Question 20

Males Vs Females: Biological determinants

Answer 20

males have higher rates of

• overweight and obesity therefore…
• blood cholesterol
• high blood pressure
• genetics: hormones, males have testosterone, risk taking
• genetics: sex, females don’t have prostate gland, can’t get prostate cancer

Question 21

Males Vs Females: Social determinants

Answer 21

culture: males more like influenced by ‘macho culture’, consider inappropriate to express feelings, higher rates of suicide, decreasing life expectancy, less like to access health care/screening etc
knowledge/education: males less likely to take notice of health promotion campaigns
occupation: males employed in labour-intensive work, higher injury risk
Peer pressure: increase risk taking, injury

Question 22

Males Vs Females: Behavioural determinants

Answer 22

males more likely to:
smoking
alcohol consumption
diet/food intake
sun exposure
accessing healthcare
risk-taking behaviours

Question 23

Males Vs Females: physical environment

Answer 23

males more UV exposure in labour intensive eployment

Question 24

Low SES Vs high SES: Biological

Answer 24

Low SES:
obesity
hypertension
low birth weight babies
impaired glucose regulation

Question 25

Low SES Vs high SES: Behavioural

Answer 25

``` Low SES: smoking regular physical activity alcohol diet- high fat, high salt and sugar, less fruit and vegetables ```

Question 26

Low SES Vs high SES: social

Answer 26

``` Low SES: low level education low level health literacy higher unemployment rates lower incomes food insecurity stress fro home ownership, loans, mortgage social exclusion less access to healthcare ```

Question 27

Low SES Vs high SES: Physical Environment

Answer 27

``` Low SES: work in unsafe environments poor quality housing environmental tobacco smoke suburbs higher exposure to fast food outlets ```

Question 28

socioeconomic status

Answer 28

refer's to a person's position in society relative to others based on income, education and occupation

Question 29

Rural and remote populations: Biological

Answer 29

``` rural/remote: high blood cholesterol bloodpressure overweight/obesity low birth weight babies ```

Question 30

Rural and remote populations: Behavioural

Answer 30

``` rural/remote: smoking alcohol irregular physical activity Uv sun protection ow risk taking behaviours ```

Question 31

Rural and remote populations: Physical Environment

Answer 31

rural/remote: availability to fresh, nutritious foods dangerous workplace environments e.g farming, mining less public transport poorer road quality sun exposure impacted by extreme weather e.g can't grow crops, floods

Question 32

Rural and remote populations: Social

Answer 32

``` rural/remote: education unemployment low income social isolation health care access food insecurity (due to cost/levels of health literacy) ```

Question 33

National Health Priority Areas (NHPAs)

Answer 33

A DAD COMIC ``` Arthritis and other musculoskeletal conditions Diabetes Mellitus Asthma Dementia Cardiovascular health Obesity Mental health Injury prevention and control Cancer control ```

Question 34

Macronutrients | -functions and food sources

Answer 34

``` A nutrient that is needed by the body in relatively large amounts -Carbohydrates -Protein -Fats (lipids) (water) ```

Question 35

Micronutrients | -functions and food sources

Answer 35

A nutrient that is required by the body in small amounts - Vitamins - Minerals - ->calcium - ->vitamin D - ->Sodium - ->phosphorus

Question 36

The five conditions related to nutrition

Answer 36

``` Cardiovascular Disease Colorectal Cancer Diabetes Mellitus Obesity Osteoporosis ```

Question 37

Direct costs

Answer 37

-costs associated with preventing the disease or condition and providing health services to people suffering from it. To the individual: -doctor and specialist fees not covered by medicare -ambulance transport -surgery or hospital fees not covered by medicare or PHI To the Community: -costs associated with implementing health promotion strategies -costs paid for through medicare and PBS e.g doctor and specialist fees, wages for administration employees

Question 38

Indirect costs

Answer 38

not directly related to the diagnosis or treatment of the disease, but occur as a result of the person having the disease To the individual: -loss of income if they can't work -employing someone to mow lawns -paying for a housekeeper to perform domestic duties -transport costs if person can no longer drive To the community: -low productivity, e.g businesses lose employees, may be paying sick leave while employee is unwell -social security payments e.g disability benefits if a person is no longer able to work -los taxation revenue e.g no longer contribute to economy through tax payments when not working

Question 39

Intangible Costs

Answer 39

related to the emotional side of illness and stability and are difficult to measure To the individual: -pain and suffering e.g chemotherapy causes nausea, hair loss, reduced energy levels -stress e.g person with osteoporosis may experience stress at thought of fracturing a bone -loss of self-esteem e.g chronic conditions contribute to feelings of worthlessness To the community: -emotional impacts e.g family and friends may experience grief in the case of death, stress and concern during treatment of the individual