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VCE Biology > U4 AOS1 Chp 5 Definitions > Flashcards

U4 AOS1 Chp 5 Definitions Flashcards

VCE Unit 4 AOS 1 Biology Chp 5 content from Jacaranda Biology Textbook

1
Q

Antigens

A

Unique molecules or parts of molecules that can often elicit an immune response, through the adaptive immune response and so play a crucial role in immunity

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2
Q

Allergens

A

Any antigen that causes the immune system to produce an abnormal and inappropriate overaction when a person is exposed to it

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3
Q

Allergic reactions

A

specific type of immune response in which the immune system overreacts to a normally harmless substance.

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4
Q

Clonal deletion

A

2 stage process of selecting T lymphocytes that recognise MHC proteins and eliminating those that react to self antigens

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5
Q

Self tolerance

A

Inability to respond to self antigens (if this breaks down = autoimmune disease)

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6
Q

MHC – 1 Markers

A

Nucleated cells have these to recognise as self.

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7
Q

MHC – 11 Markers

A

Markers on leukocytes (white blood cells) and antigen-presenting cells that present antigens to the immune system

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8
Q

Pathogen

A

Agents that cause disease

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9
Q

Primary pathogen

A

cause disease any time they are present

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10
Q

Opportunistic pathogen

A

only cause disease when the hosts defences have been weakened

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11
Q

Exotoxins

A

secreted toxins

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12
Q

Endotoxins

A

parts of the outer membrane that are released when bacteria die

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13
Q

Antigenic variation

A

mechanism by which surface antigens change

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14
Q

Anthropods

A

invertebrates with external skeletons that are able to transmit or cause disease to humans

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15
Q

Viron

A

composed of genetic material enclosed in a protein

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16
Q

Antigenic drift

A

some viruses constantly make minor changes to the antigens on the surface

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17
Q

Viroid

A

type of self cleaving RNA enzyme composed of short circular RNA strands that lack protein coat

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18
Q

Prions:

A

infectious agents composed primarily of proteins that are abnormal normal cell protein produced by gene mutations

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19
Q

Innate immunity

A

nonspecific defence mechanisms that come into play immediately of an antigen’s appearance in the body

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20
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

refers to antigen-specific immune response that operates only after innate immune defences are overwhelmed.

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21
Q

surfactants

A

coat the pathogens making it easier for them to be eliminated by macrophages

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22
Q

normal flora

A

nonpathogenic bacteria found on the skin and in the mouth, nose, throat, lower part gastrointestinal tract and urogenital tract in healthy individuals

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23
Q

Toll-like receptors (TLR)

A

pattern recognition molecules on leukocytes that are able to recognise microbial molecules PAMPS

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24
Q

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

A

Microbial molecules that are common to a range of pathogens

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25
Q

Phagocytes

A

Leukocytes that engulf and break down pathogens via phagocytosis including macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells

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26
Q

Neutrophils

A

Usually the first cells to arrive at the site of an infection that contain toxic substances to kill or inhibit growth of bacterial or fungal pathogens and release cytokines that amplify the immune response and recruit other cells

27
Q

Macrophages

A

eliminate and engulf pathogens by phagocytosis , recruit other immune cells to infection site and act as antigen presenting cells

28
Q

Dendritic cells

A

eliminate and engulf pathogens by phagocytosis, act as messengers between the innate and adaptive system as an antigen presenting cell

29
Q

Eosinophils

A

granulocytes that are present in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts that assist in defending against larger parasitic agents too large to be engulfed by phagocytosis

30
Q

Natural killer cells

A

lymphocytes that kill virus-infected cells by apoptois

31
Q

Mast cells

A

release histamines that increase vascular permeability and release cytokines that attract other immune cells to help destroy the pathogen

32
Q

humoral innate immunity

A

involves actions of soluble active molecules such as complement proteins and cytokines

33
Q

Complement proteins

A

an array of more than 30 proteins that circulate the blood and help kill foreign cells by an enzyme triggered reaction leading to lysis of invading pathogens.

34
Q

opsonisation

A

some complement proteins cover the surface of a pathogen to format complex with the surface antigens on the pathogen, making them more susceptible to elimination by phagocytosis as the complement protein binds with the complement protein on phagocytes.

35
Q

chemotaxis

A

refers to the movement of cells in response to a chemical stimulus

36
Q

cytokines

A

small signalling molecules that coordinate many aspects of our immune response

37
Q

Interferons

A

class of cytokines that are produced by and act on a host cell infected with a virus

38
Q

chemokines

A

type of cytokine that acts as a chemical attractant

39
Q

Inflammation

A

beneficial, defensive response triggered by damage to the body’s tissues by physical agents, microbial infection or chemical agents

40
Q

Lymphatic system

A

network of vessels that drain lymph fluid from the tissues back into the circulatory system

41
Q

extravasation

A

cells and fluid are able to pass between closed blood and lymph capillaries

42
Q

lymph

A

fluid in the lymphatic system that is squeezed out of blood vessels

43
Q

Tissue fluid/interstitial fluid

A

fluid leaks from capillaries

44
Q

lymph nodes

A

oval or bean-shaped structures throughout the body that filter lymph and store lymphocytes

45
Q

spleen

A

controls the number of red blood cells in the body by destroying old and defective red blood cells

46
Q

Helper T cells

A

do not directly kill pathogens, they express cd4 receptors that activate cytotoxic T cells, B cells and other immune cells

47
Q

Humoral adaptive immunity

A

involves actions of antibodies that identify and bind to extracellular pathogens, to toxins and to other extracellular foreign antigens

48
Q

Cell mediated adaptive immunity

A

involves various actions of T cells to eliminate intracellular pathogens

49
Q

plasma cells

A

‘factories’ specialising in antibody production

50
Q

Variable regions

A

amino acid sequence that forms top of the arms allowing antibodies to bind to different antigens

51
Q

Constant region

A

stem of Y shape is a conserved sequence in all antibodies that recruits other components o the immune system

52
Q

hinge region

A

connects light and heavy chains, akkiwing them to open and close

53
Q

epitope

A

site on antigen that is recognised by the immune system (antigenic determinant)

54
Q

Precipitation

A

antibodies bind to soluble antigens, causing them to become insoluble and precipitate out of solution

55
Q

Agglutination

A

antibodies bind to antigens on the surface of cells and form antigen body complexes to clump pathogens together making them more visible to the immune system

56
Q

Neutralisation of bacterial toxins

A

antibodies bind to bacterial toxins, blocking action of the toxin

57
Q

Neutralisation of pathogens

A

antibodies bind to antigens on pathogen surface, that are required for host cell entry, thus preventing pathogen invasion

58
Q

Opsonisation

A

Antibodies bind to pathogen surface antigens to form antigen-antibody complex and tag pathogens for destruction, activating phagocytes and complement proteins, leading to pathogen destruction

59
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

monitor body cells for the presence on their surface of foreign antigens that have been generated in the body cell by intracellular pathogens, recognise and kill infected host cells by releasing toxic compounds

59
Q

Active immunity

A

Develops after the immune system responds to being exposed to microbes or foreign substances

60
Q

Passive immunity

A

acquired when antibiotics are transferred from one person to another

61
Q

Cell mediated adaptive immunity

A

involves various actions of T cells to eliminate intracellular pathogens

61
Q

haemolytic disease

A

mother’s natural active immunity causes her immune system to attack the foetus’s red blood cells

VCE Biology (6 decks)

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