U4 AOS1 Organic

Question 1

Melting point vs boiling point

Answer 1

Melting Point: The temperature at which a substance transitions from solid to liquid state.
Boiling Point: The temperature at which a substance transitions from liquid to gas state.

Question 2

General formula for cycloalkane

Answer 2

Cycloalkane = CnH2n

Question 3

Degree of saturation

Answer 3

( max no. Of hydrogen - actual no. Of hydrogen) /2

Question 4

Benzene

Answer 4

C6H6

It has a sea of delocalised electrons. This sea of delocalised electrons is best represented by a circle inside the ring.

Question 5

Compare the boiling points of methane and pentane. Refer to the structural differences of each molecule in your answer.

Answer 5

Template Answer: Both are nopolar hydrocarbons that exhibit dispersion forces between molecules.
However, x is the longer hydrocarbon chain : it forms more dispersion forces
: x has the stronger dispersion forces = increased amount of thermal energy required to break the
intermolecular forces : x has the higher boiling point.

Question 6

Compare the viscosities of butane and methylpropane. Refer to the structural differences of each molecule in your answer.

Answer 6

Template Answer: Both are nopolar hydrocarbons that exhibit dispersion forces between molecules.
However, x is the more linear molecule, so it stacks and packs more easily : x has the
stronger dispersion forces = increased resistance to flow : x has the higher viscosity.

Question 7

Compare the melting points of 1-chloropropane and propane. Refer to the structural differences of each molecule in your answer.

Answer 7

Template Answer: 1-chloropropane has a polar chloro functional group and exhibits dipole-dipole bonds between molecules, whilst propane is a nopolar hydrocarbon and exhibits dispersion forces between molecules.
Dipole-dipole bonds are stronger than dispersion forces: 1-chloropropane has the stronger
intermolecular forces = increased amount of thermal energy required to break the intenore curar forces
:: 1-chloropropane has the higher melting point.

Question 8

Compare the boiling points of ethanoic acid and ethanol.

Answer 8

template Answer: Ethanoic acid has a polar carboxy group and exhibits H-bonds between molecules; ethanol has a polar hydroxyl group and exhibits H-bonds between molecules.
Since ethanoic acid forms dimers with a pair of H-bonds, ethanoic acid has the stronger
intermolecular forces = 1 amount of energy required to break the intermolecular forces
:. ethanoic acid has the higher boiling point.

Question 9

What two molecules are nonpolar

Answer 9

Alkanes and alkenes

Question 10

Haloalkane

Answer 10

Insoluble , dipole dipole,polar

Question 11

Amine alcohol, amide

Answer 11

Polar, H-bond, soluble.

Question 12

Aldehyde , ketone, ester

Answer 12

Polar, dipole-dipole, soluble.

Question 13

Carboxylic acid

Answer 13

Polar, H-bond (dimer),soluble.

Question 14

Positional isomer

Answer 14

Postion of Functional group is changed

Question 15

Chain isomer

Answer 15

• Alkyl group is added by changing the carbon chain.

Question 16

Alkane+ Cl

Answer 16

Uv light
All gas

Question 17

Haloalkane + Naoh

Answer 17

All aq

Question 18

Alkane + NH3

Answer 18

All aq

Question 19

Allene + H2

Answer 19

Ni(s) 150 deg
Gas all

Question 20

Alkene + water

Answer 20

H3PO4 (l)
300 deg

Question 21

Ester hydrolysis

Answer 21

Ester + water
KOH (aq)
Liquid all

Question 22

Best reaction for atom economy is addition reaction of alkene as ?

Answer 22

It has 100 percent atom economy as no by -products are produced.

Question 23

Prevention of waste, atom economy - just need to know wat it is not definiton.,societal benefit,industrial benefit- need to know definition.

Answer 23

1. Prevention of Waste: Reaction pathways that produce less waste products means less energy and cost spent on removing, clearing and disposing of such waste.
2. Atom Economy: If a higher amount of the reactants are incorporated into the desired product, less reactant may be necessary for the chemical process.

Societal Benefit: Less potential hazardous waste in chemical processes decreases pollution and environmental contamination - relating to UNSDG 6, 13, 14 and 15

Industrial Benefit: Less reactant consumption and less spent on waste disposal decreases economical costs associated with chemical production - UNSDG 9, 11 and 12

Question 24

Use of renewable feedstocks

Answer 24

Use of Renewable Feedstocks: Replacing non-renewable with renewable feedstocks reduces societal reliance on finite resources and moves closer to a circular economy.
Many renewable feedstocks are typically waste products from other industries. By recycling waste products into usable chemicals, overall waste production is reduced.

Using renewable feedstocks may also create economic growth in rural and remote areas where the agricultural feedstocks are grown and processed.

Question 25

Catalysts

Answer 25

Overall, - Catalysts reduce the energy demand of reactions. -Reduce the time required to obtain products. - And reduce the amount of waste generated in chemical synthesis.

Question 26

Biodegradable, compostable

Answer 26

Biodegradable: A material that can be chemically converted into NATURAL SUBSTANCES such as water, carbon dioxide and compost by microorganisms. Compostable: A material that DISTINGRATES into natural elements in a compost environment under normal conditions, leaving no toxic traces.

Question 27

Glucose + galactose

Answer 27

Lactose + water.

Question 28

Glucose + glucose

Answer 28

= maltose + water.

Question 29

Glucose + sucrose

Answer 29

= fructose + water.

Question 30

Fats

Answer 30

Solid

Question 31

Oils

Answer 31

Liquid