U4 AOS2 Social Movement

Question 1

Define social movement (study design)

Answer 1

Social movement involves a group engaged in an organised effort to achieve social change.

Question 2

Define social change (SEV textbook)

Answer 2

Adjustments and fluctuations in the views, values, norms, and structures in society in response to various factors, such as laws, the actions and interested of specific groups, government, available resources and the social organisation of society.

Question 3

What are the theories of change?

Answer 3

• political
• economical
• cultural
• technological
• environmental

Question 4

Theories of Change

Political Change

Answer 4

Change that has to do with government policy and its administration, including laws and policies

Question 5

Theories of Change

Economic Change

Answer 5

Change that relates to costs, interest rates, income, taxes and financial management

Question 6

Theories of Change

Cultural Change

Answer 6

Change relating to beliefs, values, mores, traditions, languages and laws of groups of people in society

Question 7

Theories of Change

Technological Change

Answer 7

Change relating to technical advances in production methods and innovations - the means by which we can adapt to, control and change our social and physical environment through technology use

Question 8

Theories of Change

Environmental Change

Answer 8

Change related to a disturbance of the environment most often caused by human influences and natural ecological processes

Question 9

What are the four types of social movements?

who and what

Answer 9

• alternative
• redemptive
• reformative
• revolutionary

Question 10

What are the two limited change movements?

Answer 10

• alternative

- reformative

Question 11

What are the two radical change movements?

Answer 11

• redemptive

- revolutionary

Question 12

What are the two individual change movements?

Answer 12

• alternative

- redemptive

Question 13

What are the two movements that change everyone?

Answer 13

• reformative

- revolutionary

Question 14

Describe an alternative movement

Answer 14

Encourage individuals to change their attitudes and/or
behaviours in a limited, specific way.
- veganism

Question 15

Describe a redemptive movement

Answer 15

Seek radical, extreme change in individual behaviours and
attitudes.
- ‘tiny house’ movement,
off-grid living

Question 16

Describe a reformative movement

Answer 16

Seek limited change within existing systems. Reformative movements may be ‘progressive’ (encourage change) or ‘reactionary’ (slow, minimise or
prevent change).
- marriage equality (Australia)

Question 17

Describe a revolutionary movement

Answer 17

Seek radical or fundamental change to the existing structure or belief system of society itself
- pro-democracy movement (Hong
Kong)

Question 18

Deprivation Theory

Why?

Answer 18

Arise because of a social inequality,usually economic conditions
- Generally focused on the disadvantages some people faced when compared to others

Question 19

Deprivation Theory

When?

Answer 19

Pre 1960’s

Question 20

Deprivation Theory

Example

Answer 20

Suffragettes

fighting for women’s rights, specifically voting

Question 21

Deprivation Theory

Key Motivator For Actions

Answer 21

People feel deprived relative to others, and feel entitled to the same material conditions (e.g., pay or working conditions) as their peers, and must fight for them

Question 22

Deprivation Theory

Key Features

Answer 22

Hierarchical in structure – leaders, lieutenants, local chapters, followers
Relied on older structures and institutions e.g., labour unions against management/ownership

Question 23

Deprivation Theory

Criticisms

Answer 23

Feelings of deprivation and entitlement
often occur, but do not always result in a
social movement starting. Other factors
must be present such as leadership and
resources.

Question 24

New Social Movements

Why?

Answer 24

Arise because of ‘quality of life’ concerns/making the world a better place - e.g. ‘saving the rainforest’
- Mostly emerged because of technological advancement and globalisation on the industrialised world

Question 25

New Social Movements | When?

Answer 25

Post 1960's

Question 26

New Social Movements | Example

Answer 26

Me Too

Question 27

New Social Movements | Key Motivator For Actions

Answer 27

- Focus on changing social and/or physical conditions e.g., climate change - Disillusionment with traditional systems of governance – especially regarding issues like racism, discrimination, pollution

Question 28

New Social Movements | Key Features

Answer 28

- Ideas-based - Informal networks of activist groups, individuals and organisations - A sense of collective identity - More global/international in character Reliance on ICT

Question 29

New Social Movements | Criticisms

Answer 29

New social movements are not that new, in that they often use the same strategies, build bureaucracies, lobby politicians and fight injustices the same way as the ‘old’ social movements did.

Question 30

Categories Of New Social Movements | Defensive New Social Movements

Answer 30

Defend or protect an aspect of society from change (also known as reactionary or conservative) - Focus on defending natural or social environments considered to be threatened by industrialisation and/or capitalism, impersonal and insensitive forms of government control, and the development of ‘risk technology’ (nuclear power or genetically modified crops). (Example; PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) Environmental Groups like Greenpeace)

Question 31

Categories Of New Social Movements | Offensive New Social Movements

Answer 31

Resentful, upset or annoyed at an aspect of society they feel is unjust and want it to change (also known as progressive) - Aim to protect or extend the social rights of individuals who have been denied power or identity, are marginalised and/or are repressed by the state (government). (Example; Melbourne-based homeless (poverty) advocacy group ‘Urban Seed’ - Australian ‘Asylum Seeker Resource Centre’)

Question 32

Analytical Categories within NSM Theory | Frames

Answer 32

Used to simplify and condense the ‘world out there’ and offer solutions successful framing enables social movements to “mobilise potential adherents and constituents, to garner bystander support, and demobilise antagonists”

Question 33

Analytical Categories within NSM Theory | Submerged Networks

Answer 33

Lack of formal/clear organisational structure within a movement due to internet, it can appear that there is no central authority figure driving the movement

Question 34

Analytical Categories within NSM Theory | Movement Culture

Answer 34

How NSM groups manipulate information, identity, and structure to achieve their goals

Question 35

What are the Stages of Social Movement?

Answer 35

Emergence Coalescence Bureaucratisation Decline

Question 36

Stage 1 Emergence

Answer 36

Social movements emerge in response to a perceived social injustice or environmental concerns - Usually a small group of activists forms to increase awareness or advocate for change, and then grows into a larger social movement. - Movements at the emergence stage lack clearly defined strategies for achieving goals and don’t have organisational structures in place. Example: anti-maskers.

Question 37

Stage 2 Coalescence

Answer 37

Leaders determine policies, decide tactics, build morale, recruit members. - ‘Coalesce’ means ‘join together’ - Collective action occurs to raise awareness. - Alliances with other organisations might occur to build resources and power. Example: Black Lives Matter.

Question 38

Stage 3 Bureaucratisation

Answer 38

The movement adopts many features of a bureaucratic organisation: a hierarchical leadership and management structure, paid staff, formal policies and procedures. - While movements are often at their most powerful at this stage, sometimes the bureaucratic nature (‘red tape’) can sap attention and energy away from the original goals. - Bureaucratised movements can become slow to react and inflexible because they are so large. Example: Greenpeace.

Question 39

Stage 4 Decline | Success

Answer 39

The movement achieves its goals and has no reason to continue Eg. The Humane Society, RSPCA, PETA,

Question 40

Stage 4 Decline | Failure

Answer 40

Due to poor leadership, disunity, lack of funds, disinterest | Eg. Occupy Wall Street

Question 41

Stage 4 Decline | Co-option

Answer 41

When the leaders leave, are corrupted or are influenced by others outside the movement Eg. Kony 2012

Question 42

Stage 4 Decline | Repression

Answer 42

When authorities use power to control or destroy the movement Eg. Attempted coup in Turkey 2016 The storming of the Capitol building in Washington DC on 6 January 2021 by the ‘Stop the Steal’ movement.

Question 43

Stage 4 Decline | Establishment in the Mainstream

Answer 43

When the goals of the movement become a permanent idea in society Eg. Marriage Equality Act (Australia)

Question 44

Define Power?

Answer 44

Power, as defined by Max Weber, is the ability to achieve desired ends, despite resistance from others. Study Design: individuals within society who have adequate power are seen as possessing equality, while those who are denied power are seen as experiencing inequality.

Question 45

What are Webers three main types of authority?

Answer 45

Traditional Rational-legal Charismatic

Question 46

Webers Authority Theory | Traditional

Answer 46

Authority comes from tradition ‘this is the way it has always been done’ Eg. Kings and Queens, The Patriarchy, etc

Question 47

Webers Authority Theory | Rational-legal

Answer 47

Based on the official role a person has tied to systems of rules and regulations Eg. employer/employee, teacher/student, etc

Question 48

Webers Authority Theory | Charismatic

Answer 48

Based on the charisma of a leader, as defined by relationship dynamics, Stems from interpersonal influence Eg. Jim Jones

Question 49

Describe Legitimate Power

Answer 49

- The use of power by those who have a ‘right’ to it. - It does not always mean that the power held is fair. However, whether the use of power is legitimate is subjective. - In a democracy, power is generally considered legitimate when people accept the authority of those in positions of power. When people question the authority of those in power to act, they are calling into question their legitimacy.

Question 50

Describe Illegitimate Power

Answer 50

- Power which that requires corruption, and/or coercion (the threat of force) - Illegitimate power is not accepted by society and often attract responses like resistance and disobedience.

Question 51

What are the three Types of Power

Answer 51

Direct action Strategic use of ICT Legal power

Question 52

Types of Power | Direct Action

Answer 52

Attempts to effect change immediately through boycotts, blockades, strikes, civil disobedience or demonstrations.

Question 53

Types of Power | Strategic Use of ICT

Answer 53

Use of technology, media and social media, particularly through online platforms, viral video clips, online petitions and protests, which all spread rapidly.

Question 54

Types of Power | Legal Power

Answer 54

Use of elected power or the law, courts, police, security and positions of authority

Question 55

Define social change

Answer 55

adjustments and fluctuations in the views, values, norms, and structures in society in response to various factors, such as laws, the actions and interested of specific groups, government, available resources and the social organisation of society.

Question 56

Describe a social movements power in Stage 1- Emergence

Answer 56

Power is weak and often reduced to awareness campaigns.

Question 57

Describe a social movements power in Stage 2- Coalescence

Answer 57

Power is stronger, flexible and more organised, e.g. rallies and protests, but is not entrenched or durable.